【正文】 關(guān)系代詞可以連接定語從句，該從句相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，用于修飾主語或賓語。例：1997年考研真題This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “l(fā)ogical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it.分析：斜體部分為which引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，作為the view的同位語，說明the view的內(nèi)容。練習(xí)01.They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. 四、不定式to：不定式常常構(gòu)成不定式短語，作定語或者狀語。u 從句也是句，亦是“主、謂（賓）”齊全。 感覺到That 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，主謂齊全these responses are very valuable, 232。s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.練習(xí)04.This intuition that looks matter little may be another instance of our denying real influences upon us，for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction.句子分析This intuition [ that （looks matter little）] may be another instance（of our denying real influences upon us），for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that （appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction））.This intuition [ that （looks matter little）] 這種認(rèn)為外貌并不重要的直覺行為 another instance（of our denying real influences upon us），我們否認(rèn)對(duì)我們真正有影響的事物的又一個(gè)例子注意：for there is now a file drawer full of research studies indicating that （appearance is a powerful determinant of initial attraction））.直譯：因?yàn)檫@里有表明了外表是否是最初引人注意的重要決定因素的大量的研究調(diào)查結(jié)果。1）增詞法增詞法是指在翻譯時(shí)根據(jù)意義上、修辭上或句法上的需要，在原文的基礎(chǔ)上增加一些必要的單詞、詞組、分句或完整句，以便更加忠實(shí)、通順的表達(dá)原文思想內(nèi)容，使得譯文在語法和語言形式上符合譯文語言習(xí)慣。d. 增加解釋詞語This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.參考譯文：盡管有種種不周全之處，這個(gè)計(jì)劃仍被認(rèn)為是最佳計(jì)劃之一。英語中的冠詞、代詞、連詞、介詞以及名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化，在不影響原句意義表達(dá)時(shí)經(jīng)常可以省略不譯，這樣可以使譯文更加簡(jiǎn)單明了。例如：Summer is the best season for trees.參考譯文：對(duì)樹木來說夏天是最佳季節(jié)。c. 動(dòng)詞的省略有些動(dòng)詞的意思在漢語中不用說出，句子的表達(dá)更符合漢語習(xí)慣。因此，在翻譯時(shí)，要靈活處理，不一定拘泥于原句所用的詞性，根據(jù)譯文的需要可以進(jìn)行一些詞性的適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換。b. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞He was popular among young people. 參考譯文：他在年輕人中很受歡迎。但有時(shí)，如果一味的按照原文的肯定形式或否定形式來翻譯，會(huì)出現(xiàn)表達(dá)不通順，或不符合漢語習(xí)慣的情況。a. 動(dòng)詞及短語，例如：As a result, many people avoided the very attempts that are the source of true happiness.參考譯文：結(jié)果，很多人沒有嘗試，而這些嘗試正是幸福的源泉。e. 連接詞，例如：The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.參考譯文：戰(zhàn)士們寧愿戰(zhàn)死也決不投降。The decision has to e. 譯文：決定尚未作出。 The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 譯文：調(diào)查結(jié)果清楚地說明病人死于癌癥。例如：He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious（反復(fù)無常的）. 譯文：他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。例如：He showed a strong dislike for father’s business. 譯文：他對(duì)他父親的生意表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的厭惡(不喜歡)。限制性定語從句較非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系更為緊密，非限制性定語從句則是對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充性敘述或說明。練習(xí)07.Newton invented a paper lantern illuminated by a candle which he carried with him to light his way to school on the dark winter mornings.u 有些定語從句具有狀語從句的作用，根據(jù)句意可添加適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。重點(diǎn)關(guān)注復(fù)雜狀語從句在漢語譯文中應(yīng)該在的位置，以及如何將其與主句之間自然地連接起來，使之符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。（二）譯成“一（剛、每）...就”的結(jié)構(gòu)I’ll let you know as soon as I have it arranged.參考譯文：我一安排好就通知你。We can39。（一）譯成表示“原因”的分句，放在主句之前翻譯，顯示“前因后果”的關(guān)系。然而，英語則比較靈活，狀語從句可以在主句前，也可以在主句后面。Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.參考譯文：理論之所以有價(jià)值，是因?yàn)樗芙o實(shí)踐指出方向。三、條件狀語從句英語中連接條件狀語從句的連接詞常常有：if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），providing that（假如），so long as（只要），on condition that（條件是），suppose that（假如），in case（如果），only if（只要），if only（但愿，要是...就好了）等。If you tell me about it, then I shall be able to decide.參考譯文：假如你把一切都告訴我，那么我就能夠作出決定。You can drive tonight if you are ready.參考譯文：你今晚就可以出車，如果你愿意的話No doubt I could earned something if I had really meant to.參考譯文：毫無疑問，我本來是可以賺到一點(diǎn)的，如果我真有那樣打算的話。Granted that you don’t like the proposal, you shouldn’t have rejected it without consulting others.參考譯文：即使你不喜歡這個(gè)建議，你也不應(yīng)該沒有同別人商量就把它否決了。一般來說，這種表示“為了”的目的狀語從句通常放在主句前面翻譯。We should start early so that we might get there before noon.參考譯文：我們應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身，以便中午能夠趕到那里。He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.參考譯文：他做了錯(cuò)誤的決定，結(jié)果浪費(fèi)了自己半生的時(shí)間。She never es but she borrow.參考譯文：她不借東西不來。c) 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)保持不變例：At the end of the month he was fired for inpetence. 譯文：月底他因不能勝任工作而被解雇了。b. 找出非謂語動(dòng)詞、介詞短語和從句的引導(dǎo)詞等“節(jié)點(diǎn)”詞，以及句中所有謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。e. 注意插入語等其他成分。練習(xí)12.Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives.拆譯例：Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survivals, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.重組例：The saga of the White Star Liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1500 passengers to their death, has been celerated in print and on film, in poetry and song.順序法當(dāng)英語長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時(shí), 譯文可沿用英語原文的順序。s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.練習(xí)15. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.逆序英語有些長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時(shí)必須從原文后面開始翻譯。這個(gè)問題因此而顯得越來越重要了。例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four.例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are bo