【正文】 如：tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：The pany has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed pletely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.It is four years since John left school. (4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。(1)by/between/up to/till +過(guò)去時(shí)間、since、by the time/when +表示過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)語(yǔ)法詞匯題?？颊Z(yǔ)法點(diǎn)總結(jié)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：： (1)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來(lái)電話。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)如：時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth. 掌握要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.We appreciate your efforts to bring about a prehensive solution to the existing problem. (5)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：The solution works only for couples who are selfemployed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。三、動(dòng)名詞牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate?！?過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。 (相當(dāng)于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a puter system increase with each program that turns out.a retired worker一位退休工人a faded curtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, pletely lost to the outside world. (4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.五、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)forget to do忘記(要做的事) remember doing記得(已做過(guò)的事)go on to do繼而(做另一件事)stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(對(duì)將要做的事)遺憾 regret doing(對(duì)已做過(guò)的事)后悔句型：cannot help but do如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. (for there to be…在句中做目的狀語(yǔ))It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.(for there to be…在句中做程度狀語(yǔ))There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today.would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+dohad done如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同，這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)調(diào)整。從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬。如：John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of AfroAmerican poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過(guò)if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。If it had not been for… (與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反) 相當(dāng)于but for。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite 、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：(1)must have +過(guò)去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.(1)needn’t have+過(guò)去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒(méi)必要……”。如：The porter ought to have called the firebrigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(4)could have+過(guò)去分詞，表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot…over…?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：(1)以 “a” 開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語(yǔ)，可做表語(yǔ)或后置定語(yǔ)。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用來(lái)將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。(1)rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。the one 指代確指的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：Buying clothes is often a timeconsuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.To understand the situation pletely requires more thought than has been given thu