【正文】 erstood ,then the output will not behave precisely as expected .如果有不期望的擾動(dòng)作用在開環(huán)系統(tǒng)上，或者如果其行為不能完全掌握的話，則該系統(tǒng)的輸出就不會(huì)完全如預(yù)期般動(dòng)作。2：Figure shows a mon application of automatic control found in many industrial 。//The torque m(t) developed by the motor and hence its angular velocity w(t) (or in some applications ,its angular position) are controlled by varying the voltage v(t) applied to the armature winding . 可以靠改變電樞繞組上的電壓v (t) 去控制電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩m (t) ,從而控制角速度 w (t) ( 在某些應(yīng)用中為角位移) 。C: 1：Care must be taken when connecting logic circuits to ensure that their logic levels and current ratings are patible連接邏輯電路時(shí)，必須小心翼翼，以保證它們的邏輯電平和電流額定值是兼容的。電廠渦輪發(fā)電機(jī)組就是一個(gè)例子，它的主要目的是維持發(fā)電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速盡可能的接近于恒值。A: 1: A feedback system is often better able to cope with unexpected disturbances and uncertainties about the system’s dynamic ，//However ,it need not be true that closedloop control is always superior to openloop control .然而，閉環(huán)控制并不一定總是優(yōu)于開環(huán)控制，//When the measured output has errors which are sufficiently large ,and when unexpected disturbances are relatively unimportant ,closedloop control can have a performance which is inferior to openloop ，閉環(huán)控制的性能就會(huì)比開環(huán)控制的差2：An analogtodigital converter(ADC) is used to convert a continuously variable signal to a corresponding digital form which can take any one of a fixed number of possible binary （ADC）用來將連續(xù)變換信號(hào)編程相應(yīng)的數(shù)字量，這數(shù)字量可是可能的二進(jìn)制數(shù)值中的一固定值。5：An example of this type of sensors would be a vision sensor uses to locate and identify objects and position of the robot itself ,bined with a tactile sensor used to detect the distribution of force and pressure ,and determine torque ,weight ,center of mass and pliance of the material it handles .這類傳感器的一例是視覺傳感器，用于對(duì)物體和機(jī)器人本身的定位和辨別；并結(jié)合觸覺傳感器用于探測(cè)力和壓力的分布和確定力矩，質(zhì)量，重心，按所抓取的材料決定握持力。//The output voltages produced by a logic circuit are normally specified in terms of the worst case values when sourcing or sinking the maximum rated ，按最弱情況下數(shù)值說定義。//The stator (field) winding is connected to a constant voltage source ,so that the current and hence the magnetic flux φf in the field winding are approximately constant .定子（磁場(chǎng)）繞組接到恒壓電源上，因此其電流所產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)中的磁通φf 是接近于常數(shù)的。 3： is a general representation of an openloop control system . 。4：Finally ,the puter interprets or understands what the image represents in terms of knowledge about the scene and gives the robot a symbolic description of its environment .最后，計(jì)算機(jī)能就場(chǎng)景的辨別，理解圖像所表示的含義或作出解釋，并使機(jī)器人用符號(hào)對(duì)環(huán)境的描述。//This process of converting the transducer output into a voltage signal which can be connected to the rest of the system is called signal ，并與系統(tǒng)的其它電路相連接的過程，稱為信號(hào)調(diào)整。I: 1：If all elemental equations are for all time ,then the system is a continuous –time system . 如果所有的基礎(chǔ)方程都定義整個(gè)時(shí)間過程，那么，該系統(tǒng)也是連續(xù)時(shí)間系統(tǒng)。//If one or more elemental equations are nonlinear ,as is the case for a diode ,then the overall system is nonlinear .如果一個(gè)或多個(gè)基礎(chǔ)方程是非線性的，例如在應(yīng)用二極管的場(chǎng)合，那么整個(gè)系統(tǒng)也就成了非線性的的。//With forcing functions acting ,a nonhomogeneous system must be considered .有強(qiáng)迫函數(shù)作用于上的，則系統(tǒng)必須作為非齊次的來考慮。6：In this case the signal conditioning section must convert the ining signal to a form which can be connected directly to the next part of the interface ,the input/output section of the microputer ，信號(hào)調(diào)理單元必須將輸入信號(hào)變換成為另一信號(hào)，也可直接與接口的下一部分，即微計(jì)算機(jī)本身的輸入輸出單元相連接。于是唯一的反饋路徑即通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)B。過程控制系統(tǒng)通常是一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)器。M: 1：Measurement must be made to indicate the current value of the variable controller by the loop . 必須具有測(cè)量環(huán)節(jié)，以指示被測(cè)回路所控制的變量當(dāng)前值。在經(jīng)周密設(shè)計(jì)的典籍中，這種電樞反應(yīng)可以很小。//Some successful techniques such as phaseplane methods ,describing functions ,and other ad hoc methods ,have been developed to alleviate this shorting . 諸如相平面方法、描述函數(shù)法和其它有關(guān)方法這樣一些很成功的技術(shù)能夠得以發(fā)展的原因就是為了彌補(bǔ)這一短處。4：Most practical circuits may be classed as linear .Therefore ,a study into the properties and analysis of linear circuits is of both theoretical and applied 。3: Now ,another type of electrical signal ,which is being mon , is the digital or discrete signal .當(dāng)今，另一種電信號(hào)形式變得越來越常用，就是數(shù)字或者是離散信號(hào)。//Modern control theory provides one of the most general approaches .現(xiàn)代控制理論提供了一種最一般性的方法。4：Output interface take a similar form () ,the obvious difference being that here the flow of information is in the opposite direction. it is passed from the program to the outside world .輸出接口采用相似的形式（）,明顯的差別在于信息流的方向相反，是從程序到外部世界。//Analytical modeling consists of a systematic application of basic physical laws to system ponents and the interconnection of these ponents . 解析建模是將物理學(xué)基本定律系統(tǒng)性地應(yīng)用于系統(tǒng)各組成部分及其相互之間的關(guān)聯(lián)關(guān)系進(jìn)而獲取結(jié)果方法。2：The artificial intelligence will enable the robot to respond to and adapt to changes in its task and in its environment ,and to reason and make decisions in reaction to those changes .人工智能將是機(jī)器人能響應(yīng)并適應(yīng)其工作任務(wù)和環(huán)境變化，并且能按照這些變化的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行推理和作出決定。無論是簡(jiǎn)單