【正文】 that there are any in social economy:we shall say,then,your practice,yourpractice without theory and wothour principle.We are suffering from the intolerable petition of a foreign ribal,palced,it would seem,in a condition so far superior to ours for the prodection fo light,that the absolutely inundates our national market with it at a price fabulously moment he shows himself,our trade leaves usall consumer apply tohim。and consequently,we shall be hold the multiplication of artificial meadows,meat,wool,hides,and,above all,manure,which is the basis and foundation of all agricultural wealth.The same remark applies to of vessels will proceed to the whale fishery。 s a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.But for banks trying to make it on the Internet,bills are cool .Bankers see bills as surefire eyeballgrabbers in an environment where it39。s clear, though , isthe banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing acttogether._____From Business Week/July 19,1999 of RegulationThe following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects individuals and businesses participating in a market.All market and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of government laws or regulations , and without regulations of any kind,most markets andtypes of transactions would cease to laws, the terms of many types of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable and would cease. The choice facing individuals and society is not between regulation and no regulation 。process39。 at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM tothe Bank of rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedurewhen an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weakcurrency country loses reserves and the other gains them.Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,and such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action. If thebank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, theBundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its margins.In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are is little at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of monetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign intervention.________From c EconomicsTheory and Policy,4th Edition of ContractThe main principle of the law relating to mercial transactions is based on the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they wish. This principle comprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at all, the freedom to choose one39。 limited liability, participation of shareholders in profits and in any surplus on a winding up。 (2)to encourage, regulate, or restrict local or foreign investment。s worth or in satisfaction of a debt is the transaction by which the whole or part of the stated nominal or authorised share capital of a registered pany is collectively realised. In some jurisdictions a minimun or par value for each share is fixed by dividing the amount of the share capital into equal parts. This technique is often reflected in dictionary and legislative definitions of the term share. The definition of a share as a part or share of share capital is misleading to the extent thatis conveys the notion of an entitlement on the part of the shareholder to be repaid the par value of the share. A share is not a debenture and is thereforenot a debt owed by the pany to the shareholder. If subscribers for shares in a mercial pany do not lend the consideration to the pany then the issue of shares must, of necessity, serve the additional function of renderingthe enterprise of the pany participable. The jurisdical substance of a share must therefore be sought in the nature of the participationafforded its proprietor by the constituent documents of the pany and by company law. That substance,to the extent that it is not mandatory or generic, is determined initially by the framers of the revevant memorandum and articles of association. Theoretically, therefore, a large part of the legal content ofa share is infinitely variable from corporation to corporation, from share toshare and from time to time. Practically, however, mercial necessity, securities regulation and convenience may dictate some incidents of a share. The multifarious nature of a share enables it acmodate mercial requirements such as that for collective or pooled capital。 rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called margins. Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have been +_15 percent,although they were narrower before then. Each participating currency is also assigned a central exchange rate against the European Union currencies. When a currency39。s more, sending and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper delivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, Conn.The question is who will bee the bill collector on the reckon that if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills ,theycan bee key entry points on the Netportals, would enable them tosell other financial services online. The fear is that existing portals,such as Yahoo! or even American Online,will bee centers of bill payment and , inturn ,siphon off existing bank business . banks have been slow to get into this, says Kenneth ,a Garter analyst in Durham,. But they realize there is a threat here and they need to get aboard .Banks have thei