【正文】 Chromosomes though, they were amazed, we all were, to find that only a fraction of it, maybe 2030%, converts into meaningful genetic information. It’s incredible。 at least it was to me. But if you took away all the DNA that codes for genes, you still have maybe 70% of the DNA left over. That’s the socalled JUNK DNA. Though the word junk is used sort of townies cheek.The assumption is that even these DNA doesn’t make up any of the genes it must serve some other purpose. Anyway, if we examine these ends of these coils of DNA, we will find a sequence of DNA at each end of every human Chromosome, called a telomere. Now a telomere is a highly repetitious and genetically meaningless sequence of DNA, what we were calling JUNK DNA.But it does have any important purpose。ve ever heard, but it describes the process pretty accurately. Here is how it works.Basically, Um, the idea is that business owners or business managers just go out and actually talk to their customers, and learn more about how well the business is serving their needs, and try to see what the customer experiences, because that39。t want to pretend that W… MBWA is some sort of, um, replacement for other methods of customer research. Now, the market research data definitely can give you a good idea of, um, of the big picture, but MBWA is really useful kind of filling in the blanks, you know, getting a good underground sense of how you products you use, and how people need respond to them, and Yes, the numbers of opinion you get is small so you do need to be careful, but, good business managers will tell you that the big fear they have an.. .and one of the most frequent problems they e across is well being out of touch with what their customers really want and need, you know surveys and market research stuff like that, they can only tell you so much about what the customers actually want in their day today lives. Managing by wandering around on the other hand, that get you in there give you a good sense about what customers needs so. So when use bination then, MBWA and market research were the powerful tools. Oh, here is another example for you, um, see you executive for a clothing manufacture. It was, um, Lken, Lken jeans you know, they went in work in the store for a few days, selling Lken39。t know if I want some business representatives ing up to me and asking me questions, it39。t ask me why, because I really have no idea, but the fact is that customers tend to respond really well to MBWA, which is the key reason for a success.In fact, the techniques of MBWA works so well, they have actually been extended to all kinds of different contacts like politics for instance, Um, a few years back, the major of Botamore, Um.. I can guess its name is Shapher or something like that. Anyway, he decided that the best way to serve the people of the city, of his city, was actually get out there in it and experience the things that they experienced, so he right around the city in, you know, all parts of it, and he see all the prattles。 all the checks are puted automatically in the system. They can’t just write checks.StudentBut there is another one to make mistakes. They’ve never told me!WomanI understand how you feel and if I were you, I’d be upset too. I’ll tell you what: when I call them, I will explain the situation and ask them if there is any way you can be paid sooner. But I have to tell you that base on past experiences you shouldn’t count on it.Student(Sigh) I understand thanks. I know it’s’ not your fault and that you’re doing everything you can.SecretaryWell, what I CAN do is make sure that your first check for total amount the university owes you.StudentThat’ll be great! Thank you. I will be on campus about 10 tomorrow morning and I will e back to see you then.Lecture 3NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a music history class. The professor has been discussing Opera.ProfessorThe word opera means work, actually it means works. It’s the plural of the word opus from the Latin. And in Italian it refers in general to works of art. Opera Lyric or lyric of opera refers to what we think of as opera, the musical drama. Opera was monplace in Italy for almost thousands of years before it became mercial as a venture. And during those years, several things happened primarily linguistic or thematic and both involving secularization.Musical drama started in the churches. It was an educational tool. It was used primarily as a vehicle for teaching religion and was generally presented in the Latin, the language of the Christian Church which had considerable influence in Italy at that time. But the language of everyday life was evolving in Europe and at a certain point in the middle ages it was really only merchants, Socratics and clergy who can deal with Latin. The vast majority of the population used their own regional vernacular in all aspects to their lives. And so in what is now Italy, operas quit being presented in Latin and started being presented in Italian. And once that happened, the themes of the opera presentations also started to change. And musical drama moved from the church to the plaza right outside the church. And the themes again, the themes changed. And opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire and about expressing the ideas of society your government without mitting yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution, or what have you.Opera, as we think of it, is of course a rather restive form. It is the melodious drama of ancient Greek theater, the term ‘melodious drama’ being shortened eventually to ‘melodrama’ because operas frequently are melodramatic, not to say unrealistic. And the group that put the first operas together that we have today even, were, they were…well…it was a group of men that included Gallo Leo’s father Venchesil, and they met in Florence he and a group of f