【正文】 ``````````````````````````````````````````4 研究背景 ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````4 研究意義 ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````4 研究方法 ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````4 2 相關(guān)概念和理論 ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````4` 技術(shù)差距理論 ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````4 產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易理論 `````````````````````````````````````````````````````4 梯度轉(zhuǎn)移理論 ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````5 3 我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)分析 ```````````````````````````````````````````5 我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易發(fā)展的背景 ```````````````````````````````````````5 我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口面臨的困境 ``````````````````````````````````````7 貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義進(jìn)一步加劇 `````````````````````````````````````7 加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)遭遇生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本上升的拖累 `````````````````7 人民幣升值對(duì)我國(guó)進(jìn)出口的影響 ````````````````````````````````8 影響我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的問(wèn)題 `````````````````````````````````````8 加工貿(mào)易與其他產(chǎn)業(yè)間的關(guān)聯(lián)程度低 ```````````````````````````8 我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易區(qū)域分布不均衡，區(qū)域差距加大 `````````````````````8 加工貿(mào)易政策與監(jiān)管模式 不夠 完善 ``````````````````````````````9 容易引起國(guó)際間的貿(mào)易摩擦 ````````````````````````````````````9 4 推進(jìn)我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的 對(duì)策 ``````````````````````````````````````````9 促進(jìn)加工貿(mào)易產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)優(yōu)化升級(jí) ````` ```````````````````````````````````9 促進(jìn)加工貿(mào)易由 OEM 向 ODM、 OBM 轉(zhuǎn)變 `````````````````````9 促進(jìn) 發(fā)展國(guó)際采購(gòu)與配送中心業(yè)務(wù) ``````````````````````````9 促進(jìn)加工貿(mào)易國(guó)內(nèi)配套產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展 `````````````````````````````10 多渠道的產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí) ````````````````````````````````````````````10 大力推進(jìn)中西部地區(qū)加工貿(mào)易的發(fā)展 ```````````````````````````````````10 提高加工貿(mào)易企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新能力 ```````````````````````````````````````11 大力推進(jìn)“低碳”經(jīng)濟(jì)型加工貿(mào)易產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展 `````````````````````````````11 結(jié)論 ```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````11 參考文獻(xiàn) ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````13 謝詞 ```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````14 4 目前我國(guó)雖然 意識(shí)到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性 ，并且計(jì)劃利用加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型來(lái)對(duì)我國(guó)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展進(jìn)行調(diào)整。主要體現(xiàn)在 4 個(gè)方面：出口產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)靜態(tài)化；區(qū)域結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)于集中；經(jīng)營(yíng)主體結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)分單一；模式結(jié)構(gòu) 相對(duì)滯后。 技術(shù)差距理論產(chǎn)生于 1961 年，代表人物為美國(guó)學(xué)者波斯納（ ）他在《國(guó)際貿(mào)易與技術(shù)變化》一文中，提出 了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的技術(shù)差距模型。比如日本向美國(guó)出口轎車(chē)，同時(shí)又從美國(guó)進(jìn)口轎車(chē)的現(xiàn)象；中國(guó)向韓國(guó)出口某種品牌的襯衣，同時(shí)又從韓國(guó)進(jìn)口某種 T 恤衫的這種貿(mào)易 活動(dòng)。傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易，一般是通過(guò)分別處于不同國(guó)家的獨(dú)立廠商交易來(lái)完成，而產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易則通過(guò)內(nèi)部和外部?jī)蓚€(gè)市場(chǎng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。 由此，產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易可以更精確地表述為：同一產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)的產(chǎn)品，主要是制成品通過(guò)外部市場(chǎng)與內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)在不同的國(guó)家或地區(qū)間的雙向流動(dòng)。 我國(guó)幅員遼闊，各地生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平、經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)水平和社會(huì)發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)差異較大，總體上可以劃分為東、中、西三大經(jīng)濟(jì)地帶。 2022 年，我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易單月 進(jìn)出口值呈現(xiàn)前低后高態(tài)勢(shì)，下半年以來(lái)單月進(jìn)出口值均超過(guò)千億美元， 12 月份當(dāng)月，我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口 1083 億美元，同比增長(zhǎng) %，環(huán)比下降 6 %；其中出口 億美元，同比增長(zhǎng) %，環(huán)比下降 %；進(jìn)口 億美元，同比增長(zhǎng) 7%，環(huán)比增長(zhǎng) % （圖 1） 。同期，加工貿(mào)易項(xiàng)下合計(jì)出口服裝及衣著附件、紡織紗線、織物及制品、鞋類(lèi)、家具及其零件、玩具和箱包及類(lèi)似容器等 6 大類(lèi)傳統(tǒng)勞動(dòng)密集型商品 億美元，增長(zhǎng) %，增幅小于同期我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易出口總體增幅 個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，占同期我國(guó)加工貿(mào)易出口總值的 %（表 2）。 貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義進(jìn)一步加劇 當(dāng)前，許多國(guó)家的 貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義強(qiáng)勢(shì)抬頭。 據(jù)世界銀行發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，盡管中國(guó)出口總量還不到全球的 10%，但全球 47%新發(fā)起的貿(mào)易救濟(jì)調(diào)查和 82%已完成的案件都針對(duì)中國(guó) 2。 加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)遭遇生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)成本上升的拖累 2022 年，國(guó)內(nèi) 皮革、尼龍、 橡膠、 聚酯纖維等 原材料 價(jià)格不斷 攀升， 尤其是棉花價(jià)格 1 全球紡織網(wǎng) 2 《 中國(guó)產(chǎn)品正遭遇新一輪貿(mào)易摩擦 》，中國(guó)國(guó)門(mén)時(shí)報(bào)， 3 《對(duì)華貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義愈演愈烈，發(fā)展中國(guó)家加入戰(zhàn)局》，中國(guó)產(chǎn)經(jīng)新聞報(bào)， 8 的大幅上漲，傳導(dǎo)至下游紗線、布匹等價(jià)材料格也持續(xù)走高。 人民幣升值 對(duì)我國(guó) 進(jìn)出口 的影響