[經(jīng)管營(yíng)銷]第三章簡(jiǎn)單凱恩斯模型-wenkub
2022-10-31 22:48:35 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 = △ i （ 1+ b + b2 + b3 …… ） ? = △ I/（ 1 b） 節(jié)儉的矛盾 ? 由乘數(shù)原理， 自發(fā)儲(chǔ)蓄增加一單位 （自發(fā)消費(fèi)減少一單位），導(dǎo)致均衡收入減少 1/(1b)，但是根據(jù) S=a+(1b)Y， 均衡收入減少一單位，誘發(fā)儲(chǔ)蓄減少 (1b)單位，那么，均衡收入減少1/(1b)， 導(dǎo)致誘發(fā)儲(chǔ)蓄減少 {1/(1b)}*(1b)=1，即儲(chǔ)蓄總量回到原來(lái)水平，儲(chǔ)蓄沒(méi)有變化，國(guó)民所得卻減少了。由于總體收入水平低，所以要考慮將來(lái)的各種支出，必然要提高儲(chǔ)蓄率。 （ 2）我國(guó)資本市場(chǎng)不發(fā)達(dá)。 （ 3）將來(lái)收入的保障情況。 案例的解答 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一國(guó)的儲(chǔ)蓄率主要是由以下幾方面原因決定的： （ 1）資本市場(chǎng)狀況。定期儲(chǔ)蓄存款增加較多表明儲(chǔ)蓄存款穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng)。 案例 我國(guó)的儲(chǔ)蓄問(wèn)題 2021年 8月末，我國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)居民儲(chǔ)蓄存款余額為 ，首次突破 7萬(wàn)億元大關(guān)，增長(zhǎng) %，增幅比上年同期高 個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，比上年底高 。 dydsysM PS ???? 或ysAPS ?線性儲(chǔ)蓄函數(shù) ? ?? ? ybaybaycys???????????1bM P S ?? 1 邊際儲(chǔ)蓄傾向（隨收入增加而增加） )1( byaysA P S ?????隨收入增加而增加 s 0 s =－ a + (1－ b) y y 線性儲(chǔ)蓄函數(shù) － ? APS遞增， MPS不變 APSMPS s 0 s =s(y) y 儲(chǔ)蓄曲線 平均儲(chǔ)蓄傾向遞增，邊際儲(chǔ)蓄傾向遞增 APS＜ MPS APS0 APS0 A 消費(fèi)函數(shù)與儲(chǔ)蓄函數(shù)的關(guān)系 ∵ c＝ a + by s =－ a + (1－ b) y ∴ c+s= a+ by－ a +y－ by=y ∵ y＝ c＋ s ∴ APC＋ APS＝ 1 ∵⊿ y＝ ⊿ c＋ ⊿ s ∴ MPC＋ MPS＝ 1 消費(fèi)函數(shù)與儲(chǔ)蓄函數(shù)的關(guān)系 c、 s 0 45 。 邊際消費(fèi)傾向與平均消費(fèi)傾向 ? c=a+bYd ? APC=c/Yd ? MPC=?c/?Y ? APC=c/Yd= a/Yd+bb=MPC 儲(chǔ)蓄函數(shù)與儲(chǔ)蓄傾向 儲(chǔ)蓄函數(shù)概念 儲(chǔ)蓄函數(shù) [Saving Function] —— 儲(chǔ)蓄與收入之間的依存關(guān)系。 Saving in 1993 45176。 Keynesian Range Aggregate Output The Assumption Of Fixed Prices Intermediate Range Classical Range Price Level ? The most important assumption underlying this model is that prices are fixed. ? Keynes didn’t believe this but did believe that when the economy is in the recessionary range, prices and wages were sufficiently inflexible so that ine would adjust much faster than prices. Potential Output The Implication ? The fixed price assumption allowed Hansen and Samuelson to develop a Keynesian model readily distinguishable from the aggregate supplyaggregate demand model. The Keynesian Model 45? Aggregate Expenditures Real GDP, Output AE=C+I+G+X 二，均衡產(chǎn)出：和總需求相等的產(chǎn)出。 IUO IU0 100 第二節(jié)，消費(fèi)函數(shù)理論 Aggregate Expenditures ? Total spending or “aggregate expenditures” may be represented algebraically by the equation: – AE=Consumption+Investment+Government Expenditures+Net Exports ? The aggregate expenditures curve is simply the vertical summation of these four ponents. Aggregate Expenditures Aggregate Expenditures 45176。 reference line C=DI Consumption in 1993 Marginal Propensity To Consume ? Keynes described this behavior in terms of a person’s “marginal propensity to consume” or “marginal propensity to expend.” ? This “MPC” is simply the extra amount that people consume when they receive an extra dollar of disposable ine. Marginal Propensity To Save ? The marginal propensity to save or the marginal propensity to withdraw is simply the reciprocal of the MPC and it measures the extra amount people save when they receive an extra dollar of disposable ine. An Example ? Some people may spend seventy five cents of every dollar of their disposable ine and save 25 cents. ? What will be the MPC and what would be the MPS? An Example ? In this case the marginal propensity to consume or MPC is .75 and the MPS is .25 ? In another situation, people may spend as much as 90 cents and save only ten cents of every dollar. –In this case the MPC is .90 and the MPS .10 MPS=5/20= MPC=15/20= Disposable ine C Consumption ?C($15) ?DI($20) Disposable ine Consumption S ?S($5) ?DI($20) The aggregate expenditures curve is flatter than the 45 degree line in the Keynesian model precisely because the MPC is less than one. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Disposable ine Consump
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