【正文】 ineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec 論違反強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范的合同效力 一、引言 《合同法》制定后，理論界和實(shí)務(wù)界對(duì)于第 52 條第 5 項(xiàng)的討論雖不斷深人，認(rèn)識(shí)也漸趨完善， [1]但若干問題的闡釋仍有待細(xì)致的研究和全面的反思。違反強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范的合同效力問題只是民法制度轉(zhuǎn)型的衍生物，其深刻反映了民法理念、民法制度、民法方法在現(xiàn)代民法時(shí)期的諸多變化。但是，早期羅馬法考察契約效力時(shí)主要考慮形式要求，違反強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范并非否定契約效力的主要原因。[4]次完全法律是最早出現(xiàn)的類型?！靶廖鱽喎ā本褪亲詈玫睦C，它禁止超過一定數(shù)量的捐贈(zèng)，但對(duì)于超過特定數(shù)量的捐贈(zèng)契約既不否定其效力，也不施以刑SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec 事處罰。這些完全法律均強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)契約自由的干預(yù)、對(duì)私人領(lǐng)域的規(guī)范，且在構(gòu)成要件中均包含“契約無效”的法律效果。從這種意義上來說，羅馬法中的合同無效理論實(shí) 現(xiàn)了體系轉(zhuǎn)換 :在狄奧多西法律制定之前，只有被違反的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范明確規(guī)定“無效”的法律效果時(shí)，契約才能被認(rèn)定為無效 。本文關(guān)注的問題是 :為什么羅馬法對(duì)于“違反禁止規(guī)范的契約效力問題”作如此簡單處理 ? 即“次完善法律”和“不完善法律”的時(shí)期不關(guān)注合同的“無效”，而在“完善法律”時(shí)期和“狄奧多西法律”時(shí)期則斷定合同“一概無效” ?[10] 首先值得注意的是，羅馬法中的強(qiáng)制性規(guī)范在數(shù)量上、范圍上均和近現(xiàn)代法有所差異。 [12]根據(jù)《學(xué)說匯纂》的描述，法學(xué)家致力于創(chuàng)造、解釋的是不成文的法，即市民法 (D. 1. )。實(shí)物契約和合意契約采嚴(yán)格的“類型強(qiáng)制主義”，并且每種契約都有獨(dú)特的成立要件?！? [14]如果當(dāng)事人有一致的合意，但未嚴(yán)格按照特定形式締結(jié)契約，契約的效力就可能受到影響。 SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaa