【正文】 化學(xué)蝕刻銑削機(jī)床； 2) 電火花加工機(jī)床； 3) 超聲波加工機(jī)床。 普通車床是基本的旋削機(jī)床，從這點(diǎn)出發(fā)，已經(jīng)研制出其他旋削機(jī)床。 車床的床身是鑄鐵件。拖板上面的小刀架能使刀夾回轉(zhuǎn)所要求的任意角度。進(jìn)給箱齒輪將運(yùn)動(dòng)傳給拖板并控制刀具相對(duì)于工件的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度。 進(jìn)給箱和車床溜板箱之間的連結(jié)軸是光桿和絲桿。光桿是通過摩擦離合器來驅(qū)動(dòng)的，那樣在刀具切削超載情況下能夠打滑保護(hù)。尾座可以沿著車床導(dǎo)軌移動(dòng)以適應(yīng)工件的不同長(zhǎng)度以及加工錐體或錐形表面。轉(zhuǎn)塔車床的尾座是六角形結(jié)構(gòu)，在六角頭中可以裝 六把刀具。 單軸自動(dòng)車床使用一個(gè)立式轉(zhuǎn)塔和兩個(gè)橫向溜板。以主刀具溜板去接近各主軸。對(duì)于相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的零件而言，多軸自動(dòng)車床可以以每五秒一件的速度生產(chǎn)加工出成品來。在返回行程中，刀具下面進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)使工件進(jìn)給為下一次切削作準(zhǔn)備。它也可以在其法向垂直位置的各側(cè)回轉(zhuǎn) 90 度角，那樣就允許相對(duì)于工作臺(tái)表面成一個(gè)角度，再使刀具進(jìn)給。 在液壓牛頭刨中的電動(dòng)機(jī)，僅僅是用來驅(qū)動(dòng)液壓泵。這就構(gòu)成切削行程與返回行程之速比為 比 1。那就可能允許有千分之幾英寸的行程長(zhǎng) 度誤差。典型鉆床的速級(jí)范圍是從每分鐘 76 轉(zhuǎn)到每分鐘 2025 轉(zhuǎn)。通過將轉(zhuǎn)臂繞立柱的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)同主軸組件沿?fù)u臂的移動(dòng)相結(jié)合，可使主軸和鉆頭對(duì)準(zhǔn)機(jī)床可達(dá)范圍內(nèi)的任何 位置上。所有的主軸通常都由同一部電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)并同時(shí)進(jìn)給以便鉆削出所要求的孔數(shù)。它包括從工件表面上切去金屬，擴(kuò)大孔眼和成形切削，例如螺紋加工和輪齒加工。這樣，該升降臺(tái)的建立使立柱式鉆床能提供相對(duì)于刀具的三個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)。垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)靠移動(dòng)整個(gè)刀頭獲得。the machine supports the tool and the workpiece in a controlled relationship through the functioning of its basic members,which are as follows: (a)Bed,Structure or is the main member which provides a basis for,and a connection between,the spindles and slides。on horizontal surfaces this tolerance may be disposed so that a convex surface results,thus countering the effect of “sag”of the slideway. (b)Means of facilitate assembly,maintain accuracy and eliminate “play” between slideing members after wear has taken place,a strip is something inserted in the is called a ,the grib is retained by sockethead screw passing through elongated slots。oils are available which have been specially developed for this adhesiveness of oil also prevents it being washed away by cutting fluids. 3)Accidental damage must be prevented by protective guards. A machine tool performs three major functions:1)it rigidly supports the workpiece or its holder and the cutting tool。universal machines allow the spindle to swive about an axis normal to the radial arm and the radial arm to rotate about a horizontal axis,thus permitting drilling at any angle. A mutispindle drilling machine has one or more heads that drive the spindles through universal joints and telescoping splined spindles are usually driven by the same motor and fed simultaneously to drill the desired number of most 10 machines each spindle is held in an adjustable plate so that it can be moved relative to the area covered by adjacent spindles overlap so that the machine can be set to drill holes at any location within its range. The milling operation involves metal removal with a rotating includes removal of metal from the surface of a workspiece,enlarging holes,and form cutting,such as threads and gear teeth. Within an knee and column type of milling machine the column is the main supporting member for the other ponents,and includes the base cotaining the drive motor,the spindle,and the cutter is mounted on an arbor held in the spindle,and supported on its outer extremity by a bearing in the knee is held on the column in dovetail slots,the saddle is fastened to the knee in dovetail slots,and the table is attached to the ,the buildup of the knee and column machine provide three motions relative to the four motion may be provided by swiveling the table around a vertical axis provided on the saddle. Fixedbed milling machines are designed to provide more rigidity than the knee and column table is mounted directly on the machine base,which provides the rigidity necessary for absorbing heavy cutting load,and allows only longitudinal motion to the motion is obtained by moving the entire cutting head. Tracer milling is characterized by coordinated or synchronized movements of either the paths of the cutter and tracing elements,or the paths of the workpiece and a typical tracer mill the tracing finger follow the shape of the master pattern,and the cutter heads duplicate the tracer motion. 。 3)it provides a range of feeds and used to remove metal in the form of chips are classified in four general groups:those using singlepoint tools,those using multipoint tools,those using randompoint tools(abrasive),and those that considered special. Machines using basically the singlepoint cutting tools include:1)engine lathes, 2)turret lathes , 3)tracing and duplicating lathes, 4)singlespindle automatic lathes, 5)multisingle automatic lathes , 6)shapers and planers, 7)boring machines. Machines using multipoint cutting tools include:1)drilling machines, 2)milling machines, 3)broaching machines, 4)sawing machines, 5)gearcutting machines. Machines using randompoint cutting tools include:1)cylindrical grinder, 2)centreless grinders, 3)surface metal removal methods include:1)chemical milling, 2)e