【正文】 Industrial Engineering : Work Design Prepared by Ken Leung 2023/9/26 1 SMT Training for Productivity Work Design ? Methods Improvement ? Ergonomics ? Assembly line balancing ? Principles of motion economy ? Various type of charts ? Work measurement ? Time study ? Activity sampling 2023/9/26 2 SMT Training for Productivity Ergonomics ? Definition ? Apply information about human behavior, abilities, limitations, and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, system, tasks, jobs, and environments for productive, safe, fortable, and effective human use. 2023/9/26 3 SMT Training for Productivity Objectives ? To enhance the work effectiveness and efficiency. ? Increased convenience of use ? Reduced errors ? Increased productivity ? To enhance human values. ? Improved safety ? Reduced fatigue and stress ? Increased fort ? Greater user acceptance ? Increased job satisfaction ? Improved quality of life 2023/9/26 4 SMT Training for Productivity Twelve Principles of Ergonomics 1. Work in neutral postures n eg. Wrist rests for keyboard and mouse. 2. Reduce excessive forces eg. Boxes with handholds for carrying. 2023/9/26 5 SMT Training for Productivity Ergonomics Principles 3. Keep everything in easy reach eg. Keep materials within the “reach envelope” of the arm. 2023/9/26 6 SMT Training for Productivity Ergonomics Principles 4. Work at proper heights eg. Heavy work should be performed lower than elbow height。 precision work should be higher. 2023/9/26 7 SMT Training for Productivity Ergonomics Principles 5. Reduce excessive motions n eg. Use power screwdriver. 6. Minimize static load eg. Use a pencil grip. 2023/9/26 8 SMT Training for Productivity Ergonomics Principles 7. Minimize pressure points n eg. Provide padding for hand grips. 8. Provide clearance eg. Provide visual access (carton delivery). 2023/9/26 9 SMT Training for Productivity Ergonomics Principles 9. Move, exercise, and stretch eg. Change adjustments of the chair for those sit for a long time. 10. Maintain a fortable environment eg. Consider the quantity and quality of light at the workstation. 2023/9/26 10 SMT Training for Productivity Ergonomics Principles 11. Make displays and controls understandable n eg. Clicking is easier than memorizing mands. 12. Reduce stress eg. Design task to fit people. 2023/9/26 11 SMT Training for Productivity Anthropometry ? Definition ? Measurement of the human body and its biomechanical characteristics. ? Biomechanical refers to the mechanical (machinelike) capabilities of the human skeletonmuscular systems. ? Measures our sizes and how we move and move easily. ? Need of Anthropometry ? We are not in the same size. ? Poor design for mechanical abilities of the human body can lead to disfort or injury. ? Eg. Height of keyboard for a puter. 2023/9/26 12 SMT Training for Productivity Anthropometric Data ? Static measures – are used to determine size and spacing requirements of work space, eg., height, weight, seat to elbow height, and wing span. ? Dynamic measures – are used to match the dynamic characteristics of controls to user, eg., range of motion for various joints, and strength of fingers. 2023/9/26 13 SMT Training for Productivity Anthropometric Data ? The anthropometric data is performed in normal distribution. ? 50th percentile is the most of the population. ? 5th and 95th percentiles are the extremes. 2023/9/26 14 SMT Training for Productivity How to use anthropometric data ? Design for extremes ? A standard is to design to fit 5th or 95th percentiles of the population. ? Design for most of the population ? 50th percentile of the population should be used. ? Make the design adjustable ? The design can fit 5th to 95th percentiles of the population. 2023/9/26 15 SMT Training for Productivity Examples Design aims Design examples: Examples of measurements to consider: Users that the design should acmodate: Easy reach Shelving Arm length, shoulder height Smallest user: