【正文】 實(shí)用文檔英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：Many people speak English．（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）English is spoken by many people．（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）1．被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成由于不及物動(dòng)詞不能帶賓語，故無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，只有及物動(dòng)詞或相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞短語才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，其基本構(gòu)成方式是“助動(dòng)詞be＋過去分詞”。注意：“be＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)不一定都是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，有些動(dòng)詞（如be，feel，look，seem等）后面的過去分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，用作表語表示狀態(tài)。如：My bike is broken．（我的自行車壞了。）The door is open．（門開了。）2．主動(dòng)語態(tài)改被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法1）將主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)應(yīng)注意以下三個(gè)方面：①將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語；②將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞改為“be＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；③將主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語改為介詞by之后的賓語，放在謂語動(dòng)詞之后（有時(shí)可省略）。2）含直接賓語和間接賓語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)有兩種情況：①把間接賓語改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語，直接賓語仍保留原位；②把直接賓語改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語，此時(shí)，間接賓語前要加介詞to或for。如：He gave the boy an apple．→The boy was given an apple．（或An apple was given to the boy．）Her father bought her a present．→She was bought a present by her father．（或A present was bought for her by her father．）3）不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)不定式前要加to。如：They watched the children sing that morning．→The children were watched to sing that morning．4）帶復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞在改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語改為主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中作主語補(bǔ)足語。如：We call him Xiao Wang．→He is called Xiao Wang．He cut his hair short．→His hair was cut short．They told him to help me．→He was told to help me．5）短語動(dòng)詞是不可分割的整體，改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)要保持其完整性，介詞或副詞不可遺漏。如：We must take good care of the young trees．→The young trees must be taken good care of．6）含有賓語從句的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，通常用it作為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語，從句放在句子后面；也可采用另一種形式?？梢赃@樣轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有know，say，believe，find，think，report等。如：People believe that he is ill．→It is believed that he is ill．（或：He is believed to be ill．）3．被動(dòng)語態(tài)改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)的方法：被動(dòng)語態(tài)中介詞by后的賓語改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)中的主語（或按題意要求確定主語），按照這個(gè)主語的人稱和數(shù)以及原來的時(shí)態(tài)把謂語動(dòng)詞形式由被動(dòng)語態(tài)改為主動(dòng)語態(tài)。注意在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中有的動(dòng)詞要求不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，此時(shí)要把被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的to去掉。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語用來作主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語。如：History is made by the people．The people make history．4．不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況1）某些表示“靜態(tài)”的及物動(dòng)詞（表示狀態(tài)而不是動(dòng)作，而且常常是不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞）如have，fit，suit，hold（容納），cost，suffer，last（持續(xù)）等不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：They have a nice car．他們有一輛漂亮的汽車。My shoes don39。t fit me．我的鞋不合適。My brain can39。t hold so much information at one time．我的腦子一下子記不住這么多資料。How much／What does it cost？這值多少錢？Our holiday lasts 10days．我們的假期有十天。This food will last（them）（for）3days．這食物足夠（他們）（吃）三天。2）不是所有帶介詞的動(dòng)詞都能用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。若是構(gòu)成成語動(dòng)詞通常有被動(dòng)態(tài)，若不構(gòu)成成語動(dòng)詞則無被動(dòng)態(tài)。試比較：They arrived at a decision．A decision was arrived at．他們作出了決定。They arrived at the station．他們到達(dá)車站。（不說：The station was arrived at．）He looked into the question．The question was looked into．他調(diào)查了這個(gè)問題。3）動(dòng)詞leave（離開），enter（進(jìn)入），join（參加）不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The car left the road and hit a tree．車子離開了道路，撞上了樹。4）某些及物動(dòng)詞可作不及物動(dòng)詞用，特別是后加副詞（如well，easily等）時(shí)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)有被動(dòng)含義，這類動(dòng)詞常見的有sell，write，wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record等。如：His new novel is selling well．他的新小說很暢銷。The cloth washes well．這布很耐洗。This material won39。t wear．這種材料不耐穿。His play won39。t act．他的戲劇不會(huì)上演。The window won39。t shut．這窗關(guān)不上。The door won39。t open．這門打不開。The door won39。t lock．這門鎖不上。This poem reads well．這首詩(shī)讀來很好。5）feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由實(shí)意動(dòng)詞演變而來的系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞作表語，不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Tell me if you feel cold．你要是感到冷就告訴我。You39。re looking very unhappy—what39。s the matter？你看來很不高興———怎么回事兒？The soup tastes wonderful．這湯味道好極了。Those roses smell beautiful．那些玫瑰好聞極了。She appears to be friendly．她看上去很友好。6）賓語是不定式或動(dòng)詞的ing形式時(shí)，不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Peter hoped to meet her．彼得希望遇見她。Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter．史密斯先生喜歡看他的女兒。7）賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)，不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：She can dress herself．她可以自己穿衣服。We could hardly see each other in the fog．在霧中我們彼此幾乎看不見。8）賓語是同源賓語時(shí)，不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：They live a happy life．他們過著幸福的生活。The girl dreamed a sweet dream．那女孩做了個(gè)甜美的夢(mèng)。9）賓語帶有與主語有照應(yīng)關(guān)系的物主代詞時(shí)，不可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：The old man broke his（＝the old man39。s）legs．那老人把自己的腿弄斷了。The girl shook her（＝the girl39。s）head．那女孩搖了搖頭。5．某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義英語中有很多動(dòng)詞如act，break，catch，cut，clean，drive，draw，let，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash，wear等，當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí)，其主動(dòng)形式常用來表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。另外，像owe，beat，cook，bake，print，build，make等，有時(shí)可以用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。如：This kind of radio doesn39。t sell well．這種收音機(jī)不太暢銷。The shop opens at eight o39。clock．這個(gè)商店八點(diǎn)開門。The pipe does not draw