【正文】 English Translation for Science and TechnologyIntroduction to TranslationCriteria of Translation n 玄奘：既須求真，又須喻俗n 嚴(yán)復(fù)（18531921）：Triple Principle of Translationn 信（faithfulness）：忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確n 達(dá)（expressiveness）：通順流暢n 雅（elegance）：文字古雅n 魯迅n 信 （Faithfulness）n 順 （Smoothness）n 林語(yǔ)堂n 忠實(shí)（faithfulness）n 通順（smoothness）n 美 （beautifulness）n 傅雷n 神似 （Resemblance in spirit ）：n 以效果而論，文學(xué)翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在形似而在神似。n 錢鐘書n 化境（reaching the acme of perfection）：n 文學(xué)翻譯的最高境界是“化”，把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國(guó)文字，既能不因語(yǔ)文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味。n 劉重德n 信、達(dá)、切 (faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness):n 信于內(nèi)容 (to be faithful to the content of the original)。n 達(dá)如其分 (to be as expressive as the original)。n 切合風(fēng)格 (to be as close to the original style as possible).英語(yǔ)科技文獻(xiàn)的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)n 科技翻譯可以理解為一種科學(xué)的“語(yǔ)碼轉(zhuǎn)換”，科學(xué)性是第一位，科技譯文的正確性是最重要的。n 忠實(shí) 忠于原意，傳達(dá)信息準(zhǔn)確；n 通順 文從字順，譯文風(fēng)格貼近原文風(fēng)格。忠實(shí)n In puting work done, it is important always to keep in mind that the force and distance that are multiplied must be in the same direction.n 相乘的力和距離的方向必須相同，在所作的計(jì)算工作中，記住這一點(diǎn)往往是重要的。n [改]在計(jì)算所做的功時(shí)，用以相乘的力和距離必須沿同一方向，始終記住這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。n The motion of ions is the motion of such atoms as have gained, or lost electrons, which in most cases takes place in chemical solutions.n 離子的運(yùn)動(dòng)也就是原子得到或失去電子時(shí)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，在大多數(shù)情況下，化學(xué)溶液中發(fā)生這種現(xiàn)象。n [改]離子的運(yùn)動(dòng)，也就是已經(jīng)得到或失去電子的原子的運(yùn)動(dòng)，這種運(yùn)動(dòng)大多發(fā)生在化學(xué)溶液中。n Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force.n 每一物體如不受外力作用，將繼續(xù)保持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)或做均勻的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。n [改]物體如不受外力作用，將繼續(xù)保持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)或做勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。通順n Matter is anything having weight and occupying space.n 物質(zhì)是有重量和占據(jù)空間的任何東西。n [改]凡是物質(zhì)，都具有重量和占有空間。n What is large and what is small is relative.n 什么是大的和什么是小的是相對(duì)的。n [改]大和小是相對(duì)的。n The report noted that being overweight has been linked to sickness and death from such diseases as high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease and gallbladder.n 報(bào)告指出，過(guò)胖與疾病及諸如高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病和膽囊疾病引起的死亡有關(guān)。n [改]報(bào)告指出，肥胖容易引起疾病，容易導(dǎo)致由高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病和膽囊疾病等引起的死亡。Three Qualifications for the Translation of ESTn Good Command of Englishn Good Command of Chinesen Familiarity with Knowledge of Science and Technology英語(yǔ)科技文獻(xiàn)的翻譯過(guò)程n 理解階段n 結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義n 辨明語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系n 理解原文所涉及的事物n 表達(dá)階段n 直譯n 意譯結(jié)合上下文，推敲詞義n Various speeds may be obtained by the use of large and small pulleys.n [誤] 利用大小滑輪可以獲得不同的速度。n [正] 利用大小皮帶輪可以獲得不同的速度。n The rate of dissociation was followed by placing the unit on a scale and noting the weight loss due to chlorine evolution.n [誤] 離解速度可由在標(biāo)尺上的刻度得出，并注意由于氯的放出而引起的重量損失。n [正]離解速度是通過(guò)下列方法求得的：將該設(shè)備放置在天平上，并記錄由于氯的放出而引起的重量損失。辨明語(yǔ)法，弄清關(guān)系n As friction manifests itself as a resistance that opposes motion, it is usually considered as a nuisance.n [誤] 摩擦是運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻力，因此阻力常被人看成討厭的東西。n [正]摩擦是運(yùn)動(dòng)的阻力，因此常被人看成討厭的東西。n Intense light and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness of shaded avenues and the interiors of buildings.n [誤] 強(qiáng)烈的光線和露天場(chǎng)所的炎熱，同林蔭道上的涼爽和建筑物內(nèi)部形成了對(duì)比。n [正]露天場(chǎng)所的強(qiáng)烈光線和酷熱，同林蔭道上和建筑物內(nèi)部的涼爽形成了對(duì)比。理解原文所涉及的事物n Do you know that the bee navigates by polarized light and the fly controls its flight by its back wings?n [誤] 你知道蜜蜂借助極光飛行，而蒼蠅用后翅控制飛行嗎？n [正] 你知道蜜蜂借助偏振光飛行，而蒼蠅用后翅控制飛行嗎？n In modern operations tin is generally deposited on the steel plate by electrolytic action.n [誤] 在現(xiàn)代工藝中，一般是用電解法將錫鍍?cè)阡撈?。n [正] 在現(xiàn)代工藝中，一般是用電鍍法將錫鍍?cè)阡撈?。直譯 （Literal Translation）n 直譯：把忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容放在第一位，把忠實(shí)于原文的形式放在第二位，把通順的譯文形式放在第三位。n 如果譯文和原文相同的形式能表達(dá)和原文相同的內(nèi)容，可以直譯。n Translate literally wherever possible.意譯（Free / Liberal Translation）n 意譯：把忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容放在第一位，把通順的譯文形式放在第二位，不拘泥于原文的形式。n 如果譯文和原文相同的形式不能表達(dá)和原文相同的內(nèi)容，一般意譯。n Translate liberally if necessary.英語(yǔ)科技文獻(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)n “科技文獻(xiàn)”是一個(gè)集體名詞，泛指科技論文、研究報(bào)告、技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、科技廣告、科技產(chǎn)品指南、科技圖書、科技教材、科普讀物、科技新聞等多種類型和文體。n 科技語(yǔ)言是反映客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)世界的工具，為了能客觀準(zhǔn)確地描述客觀世界的實(shí)情，科技語(yǔ)言盡可能在語(yǔ)言使用上規(guī)范地道，在語(yǔ)言形式上簡(jiǎn)明準(zhǔn)確，在語(yǔ)義理解上直接明了，盡可能不出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言變異現(xiàn)象?？萍嘉墨I(xiàn)追求的是形式與邏輯的結(jié)合。n “It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job.”n “A wonderful job.”n “Are you going to take it?”n “I don’t think so.”n “Why not?”n “I don’t want to.”n 161。176。聽說(shuō)有個(gè)很好的工作要你去干。161。177。n 161。176。挺好的工作。161。177。n 161。176。打算干嗎？161。177。n 161。176。不。161。177。n 161。176。為什么不干？161。177。n 161。176。不想干。161。177。n 這是小說(shuō)中的一段對(duì)話，屬于口語(yǔ)文體。其特點(diǎn)是：用詞自由，句法結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，短句與省略句多，自然樸素，生活氣息濃厚。在譯文中進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，省去主語(yǔ)“你”、“我”；將英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)句子 I don’t think 161。176。不161。177。，顯得簡(jiǎn)潔有力。n She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.n 那婦人生著一副綿軟多肉的體格，一張?zhí)孤书_誠(chéng)的面容，一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順的眼睛，里邊隱藏著無(wú)窮的心事，只有那些對(duì)于凄惶無(wú)告的窮苦人面目作過(guò)同情觀察的人才看得出來(lái)。n 這是文藝文體，其特點(diǎn)是：語(yǔ)言凝練，形象生動(dòng)，修辭富于藝術(shù)色彩，大量使用形容詞。五十一個(gè)詞的片段，就運(yùn)用了十個(gè)形容詞，占五分之一。161。176。and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress 161。177。是非常優(yōu)美生動(dòng)的文學(xué)語(yǔ)言，譯文保持了這一風(fēng)格。n MONTREAL Clark Johns acplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a fourpoint first period outburst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6 4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.n [蒙特利爾電]在全國(guó)手球聯(lián)賽中克拉克約翰斯今晚初試鋒芒，引起轟動(dòng)。上半場(chǎng)領(lǐng)先四分，首開記錄。克拉克發(fā)揮中堅(jiān)作用，約翰遜市高帽隊(duì)終以6：4擊敗蒙特利爾市小鴨隊(duì)，創(chuàng)造了連勝八場(chǎng)未負(fù)一場(chǎng)的戰(zhàn)績(jī)。n 這是屬于應(yīng)用文的新聞文體，其特點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)明扼要，短小精悍，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，筆鋒犀利。這則電訊只有一個(gè)句子，卻把一場(chǎng)球賽描繪得淋漓盡致，富于吸引力。n 日常英語(yǔ)n People get natural rubber from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid, which is called latex. They mix it with acid, and dry it, and then they send it to countries all over the world. As the rubber industry grew, people needed more and more rubber. They started rubber plantations in countries with hot, wet weather conditions, but these still could not give enough raw rubber to meet the needs of growing industry. 科技英語(yǔ) Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid known as latex. This is treated with acid and dried before being dispatched to countries all over the world. As the rubber industry developed, more and more rubber was