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基于單片機的步進電機運動控制系統(tǒng)設計(已修改)

2025-06-18 22:46 本頁面
 

【正文】 基于單片機的步進電機運動控制系統(tǒng)設計2009年5月24號I摘 要 摘 要單片微型計算機簡稱單片機。它是把組成微型計算機的各功能部件:中央處理器、CPU、隨機存取存儲器RAM、只讀存儲器ROM、I/O接口電路、定時器/計數器以及串行通信接口等制作在一塊集成芯片中,構成一個完整的微型計算機。單片機主要應用于控制領域,由于其具有可靠性高、體積小、價格低、易于產品化等特點,因而在智能儀器儀表、實時工業(yè)控制、智能終端、通信設備、導航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等自控領域獲得廣泛應用。步進電機是一種能將電脈沖信號轉換成角位移或線位移的機電元件,實質上是一種數字/角度轉換器步進電機控制系統(tǒng)主要由步進控制器,環(huán)形分配器,控制邏輯及正,反轉控制門等組成,能把輸入的脈沖轉換成環(huán)形脈沖,以便控制步進電機,用軟件代替上述步進控制器,使得線路簡單,成本低,可靠性大大增加,靈活改變步進電機的控制方案,尤其在本系統(tǒng)中更顯示出微機控制的優(yōu)越性。本設計采用單片機AT89C51對步進電機進行控制,通過IO口輸出的具有時序的方波作為步進電機的控制信號,信號經過芯片L298N驅動步進電機,通過PWM脈寬調制解調技術對步進電機調速,同時,用鍵盤來對電機的狀態(tài)進行控制,并用數碼管顯示電機的轉速,采用CD4511作為5位單個數碼管的顯示驅動顯示步進電機的轉速和步距角。關鍵詞: 單片機;步進電機;PWM脈寬調制;CD4511;L298N ABSTRACTABSTRACTThe single slice of microputers is abbreviated as the onechip puter. It is every function part which makes up the microputer: Central processing unit, CPU, arbitrary access memory RAM , readonly memory ROM, I/O interface circuit , timer / counter and serial munication interface ,etc. make in the integrated chip together, form an intact microputer. Onechip puter apply controlled field to mainly, because it have dependability high , small , price low , easy mercialization ,etc. characteristic, therefore won extensive application in fields of automatic control such as intellectual instrument and apparatus , realtime industrial control , intelligent terminal , munication equipment , navigation system , household appliances ,etc.It is that one kind can change the electric pulse signal into a electromechanical ponent of angle displacement or line displacement to walk into the electrical machinery, it is a kind of figure / angle converter that is walked into the control system of the electrical machinery to mainly walk into the controller in fact, power amplifier and walking into the electrical machinery ,etc. make up . Walked into the controller to buffer the register , the annular distributor, control logic and, overturn , control door ,etc. make up , can change the pulse input into into an annular pulse , in order to control , walk into electrical machinery , can carry on positive and negative to control. But because walk into the controller circuit plicatedly. With high costs. Adopt onechip puter control , replace with software described above to walk into the controller , make the circuit simple, with low costs, dependability increases greatly, change the control scheme of walking into the electrical machinery flexibly , do not need logical circuit to make up the time sequence generator . Software programming very flexible to produce , walk into electrical machinery excitation array e , control various operation way to walk into electrical machinery and can realize one machine control many sets of electrical machinery while being different kinds of. It is easy to realize to offer the flexible control means and improving the precision of controlling to plicated and tedious control, demonstrate the superiority that the puter controls especially in this system even more.Design , adopt , insult male genital puter AT89C51 to walk into electrical machinery control originally, square wave with time sequence as the control signal of walking into the electrical machinery through what IO mouth is outputted, the signal drives and walks into the electrical machinery through the chip L298N。 Meanwhile , IIe state in electrical machinery go on , control with keyboard , in charge of rotational speed to reveal electrical machinery with number, adopt CD4511 urge as 5 single number display that in charge of , from the input signal of the onechip puter。 Utilize the pronunciation function of insulting the open onechip puter to report the rotational speed of the electrical machinery.Keyword: MCU;Stepping Moter;PWM impulse width modulate;CD4511;L298NIII目 錄目 錄摘要 IAbstract…………………………………………………………………………… II1緒論…………………………………………………………………………………1………………………………………………………………………………1……………………………………………………………1………………………………………………………………32控制系統(tǒng)的硬件電路設計…………………………………………………………6………………………………………………………… 6…………………………………………………………………6………………………………………………………………9………………………………………………………………… 19 LM7805CK簡介……………………………………………………… 19……………………………………………………… 19…………………………………………………………… 20……………………………………………………… 24………………………………………………………… 28…………………………………………………………………… 32……………………………………………………… 32……………………………………………………… 33…………………………………………………… 34…………………………………………………………… 35…………………………………………………………… 35…………………………………………………… 35………………………………………………… 36…………………………………………………………… 363抗干擾措施……………………………………………………………………… 37……………………………………………………………… 37……………………………………………………………… 37結論………………………………………………………………………………… 39致謝………………………………………………………………………………… 40參考文獻…………………………………………………………………………… 41附錄………………………………………………………………………………… 42附錄A……………………………………………………………………………… 42附錄B……………………………………………………………………………… 43附錄C……………………………………………………………………………… 44河北工程大學畢業(yè)設計說明書1緒論單片機對步進電機的工業(yè)控制使用、工作原理和機械特性,控制系統(tǒng)對步進電機進行檢測、控制。實現(xiàn)步進電機的正常起、停,正、反轉,升、降速控制和步距角的檢測與控制,步進電機不失步措施。單片機通過P2口發(fā)出脈沖信號來給驅動步進電機轉動的器件L298N發(fā)出控制信號;通過P0口來控制七段顯示譯碼管來顯示步進電機的轉速和步距角;通過P1口按鍵來輸入高低電平信號來控制單片機發(fā)出相應的指令來控制步進電機對起、停,正、反轉,加、減速和對應對數碼管顯示的功能。圖11單片機控制步進電機大體方案圖單片機控制步進電機的驅動模塊部分:方案一: 在電動機前段加電位器使之分壓減少以降低轉速;同時在前端并聯(lián)一個電容可以使電動機緩慢加速從而避免突然加速對系統(tǒng)的沖擊。這種方案的缺點是調節(jié)轉速需要人工手動調節(jié)電位器,非常不方便。 方案二: 采用專用集成電路芯片A3992驅動電機,用單片機控制A3992的輸入使之工作在占空比可調的開關狀態(tài),精確調整電動機轉速。電子開關的速度很快,穩(wěn)定性也極強。采用集成電路芯片,節(jié)省空間和元器件。缺點是接線較其他方案復雜,不直觀不利于容易理解;而且價格較貴。方案三:采用三極管放大驅動步進電機,這種電路簡單直觀,更容易被接受,且用到的器件十分簡單成本較低。缺點是這種電路控制電機并不是十分精確,因為三極管其本身有一定的電阻所以其必定要有一定的壓降,所以這樣計算起來對步進電機的控制就不是太精確了。方案四:使用L298N芯片驅動電機 ,L298N既可以驅動直流電機也可以驅動步進電機,本設計中考慮到電機的帶負載能力以及控制小車行駛的精度問題所以選擇用步進電機。L298N芯片可以驅動兩個二相電機,也可以驅動一個四相電機,輸出電壓最高可達50V,可以直接通過電源來調節(jié)輸出電壓;可以直接用單片機的I/O口提供信號;而且電路簡單,使用比較方便。通過比較,使用L298N芯片充分發(fā)揮了它的功能,能穩(wěn)定地驅動步進電機,且價格不高,故選用L298N驅動電機。而使用L298N時,可以用L297來提供時序信號,實現(xiàn)步進電機的驅動控制。L297是一款為兩相步進電機設計的環(huán)分控制芯片,可以實現(xiàn)脈沖的環(huán)分、轉向的控制、無細分/二細分方式的選擇等功能,此外還具有電流保護能力,可防電機過流,同時節(jié)省單片機I/O口。通過各個方面綜合比較為達到最佳驅動效果,我們選擇方案四。檢測元件部分:檢測部分可以用光柵編碼器和光電編碼器,光柵編碼器一般可以精確測量位移速度,但是測量角度變化不是
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