【正文】 淺析《德伯家的苔絲》中苔絲的悲劇因素摘要： 《德伯家的苔絲》，作為托馬斯哈代最為有影響力的一部巨著，描寫了社會(huì)命運(yùn)以及其他力量把一個(gè)純潔、質(zhì)樸、關(guān)麗、善良而又勤勞的農(nóng)村姑娘苔絲逼得走投無(wú)路而成為殺人犯，最后付出生命代價(jià)的悲慘故事。苔絲的悲劇性結(jié)局有多方面的原因，家庭、社會(huì)、性格對(duì)苔絲的悲劇，本文主要對(duì)其社會(huì)原因進(jìn)行分析。關(guān)鍵詞: 苔絲。悲劇。原因iAn Analysis of the Social Reasons of Tess’s Tragedy in Tess of the D’UrbervillesAbstractTess of the D’Urbervilles, a significant work of Thomas Hardy, created a girl of purity, plain, beauty, kindness and diligence, suffering by social and other force, became a murderer and paid her life in the end of the tragic story. There are various reasons for Tess’s tragedy, family, Tess’s own, and social elements. This paper mainly analyzes reasons of social.Key words: Tess。 Tragedy。 ReasoniiAcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Ding , both for his intellectual guidance and for his warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis. With patience and prudence, he labored through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing. Therefore, I owe all the merits in this thesis, if any, to him, though I am fully aware that the thesis might still contain some mistakes, for which I bear the whole responsibility.My cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in the Department of English。 They are interesting and informative courses have benefited me a lot during my college years. The profit that I gained from their profound knowledge, remarkable expertise and intellectual ingenuity will be of everlasting significance to my future life and career.I am also very grateful to my classmates, who have given me a lot of help and courage during my stay in the University and throughout the process of writing this thesis. Last but not least, big thanks go to my family, which have shared with me my worries, frustrations, and hopefully my ultimate happiness in eventually finishing this thesis.iiiContents中文摘要……...............................................................................…………iAbstract…………………………………………...……………………………….…..iiAcknowledgements......................................................................................………….iiiⅠ. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….1A. Introduction of the Writer…………………………………………………….1B. Introduction of the Work..................................................................................2Ⅱ. Reasons of Her Own for Tess’s Tragedy…………………………………………..3A. Her Sacrifice for the Family…………………………………………………4B. Her Sacrifice for love…………………………………………………..........4Ⅲ. Reasons of Family for Tess’s Tragedy………………………................................6A. Family Background ………………………………………………................6B. Her Parents for Tess’s Tragedy………………………………………………61. Her Father to Tess’s Tragedy……………………………………….......62. Her Mother for Tess’s Tragedy……………………………………........6Ⅳ. Reasons of Social Element for Tess’s Tragedy…………………………...............7A. Analysis of Alec and Clare’s Character Reasons of Tess’s Tragedy………..8 1. Analysis of Alec’s Character…. ……………………………………......82. Analysis of Clare’s Character………………………………………......8B. Analysis of the Social and Environmental Reasons in Tess’s Tragedy ….....9 1. Hypocritical Capitalism Moral’s View and Unequal Legal System……112. Impoverishment and Decay of Small Farmers…………………………113. The Male Factor in Tess’s Tragedy……………………………………...12 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….…..14Works cited……………………………………………………………………….…15Ⅰ. IntroductionTess of the D’Urbervilles was Thomas Hardy’s most famous work and published in 1891. As a novelist, Thomas Hardy had reached the great place in his achievements because of Tess of the D’Urbervilles. People were attracted not only by the tragic life of Tess, but also the inherent beauty. In a world filled with falseness and pretence, Tess was quite soft and kind. Tess was repeatedly cheated and abandoned, she tried to be good though. Tess showed the most beautiful side of her innocent character when she worked in the farming fields. (Hu, 176) Combined a beautiful appearance with many other wonderful qualities, Tess was diligent, honesty, tenderness. She never played with men’s emotions or never learned to flirt with men, but that became the weakness. (Feng, 62) From the beginning, Tess was destined for tragedy. Although she was beautiful, she was poor. She could not bee the master of her own life because she was a woman. She was only an object to be tormented. Tess killed Alec in the end of the story. That society where power was controlled by the rich men, so what she did was against the society, the law. The law was rigid, and the Justice was done. A. Introduction of the WriterTess of the D’Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy’s greatest novel of British described the misfortunate life of a poor peasant girl Tess. He was famous for novel and poem.Thomas Hardy enriched the tragic art in his unique work of character and environment. He was an outstanding and crosscentury realistic writer. Born in Egdon, which was a country in the Westland. The main environment in the Hardy’s writings was from the natural environment. (Jiang, 96) As a stonecutter, Hardy’s father, but liked music. There was much attention was paid to Hardy’s education. In his childhood, he turned to learn about the literature after he received theology in education. Leaving school became an apprentice of an architect in 1856. He became a building draftsman after he went to London in 1862, at the same time he enrolled as a student and took advanced courses for language and started to create literature in King’s College London. At the very beginning, Hardy wrote poems, but his poetry was not published. In 1868, he finished his first long novel, but was not published. Farm from Madding Crowd, the celebrated