【正文】 English Literature? 4. 啟蒙時期文學(xué)/Literature Enlightenment period（17世紀(jì)后期—18世紀(jì)中期） ? 5. 浪漫主義時期文學(xué)/Romantic literature period（17981832） ? 6. 現(xiàn)實主義時期文學(xué)/Realism period（19世紀(jì)30年代1918） ? 7. 現(xiàn)代主義文學(xué)時期/Modern Literature period （19181945） ? 8. 當(dāng)代文學(xué)/Contemporary Literature（1945— 今） The public movement: the Enlightenment (啟蒙運動)（注意：名詞解釋）The eighteenthcentury England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason/ .The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time? The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The movement was a furtherance促進(jìn) of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.? The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. ? The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules? They believed that when reason served as the yardstick標(biāo)準(zhǔn) for the measurement of all human activities and relations, every superstition, injustice and oppression was to yield place to eternal truth, eternal justice and natural equality. ? The enlighteners advocated universal education. They believed that human beings were limited, dualistic二元的, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education. ? 1)The Features of English Enlightenment? (1)English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.? (2) Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.? (3) English Enlighteners of the 18th century criticized different aspects of contemporary England, discussed social life according to a more reasonable principle.? (4) The literature of the Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readersthe great enlighteners? Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers are:? Alexander Pope? Joseph Addison? Sir Richard Steele (The Spectator)? Jonathan Swift [‘d??n?θ?n] ? Samuel Richardson [‘rit??dsn] ? Daniel Defoe [‘d230。nj?l] [di’f?u] ? Henry Fielding (Tom Jones)? Samuel Johnson Literature? It is an age of prose rather than poetry. There are three main divisions: ? 1. the reign of classicism古典主義 ? 2. the revival of romantic poetry ? 3. the beginnings of the modern novelsLiteral trends? Realism (novel)? Neoclassicism (prose)? Sentimentalism (drama)? preromanticism （poetry）? Heroic couplet：英雄對句? The graveyard group：墓畔詩人? Gothic novel ：哥特式小說The Important Terms（分別會名詞解釋）1) Neoclassicism 新古典主義 2) realism 現(xiàn)實主義 3) sentimentalism 感傷主義 1. Neoclassicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson were major exponents of the neoclassical school. ? It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace賀拉斯, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire伏爾泰 and Diderot [’di:d?r?u]. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum [d?’k?:r?m]禮儀 .? Homer: Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western literature, the Iliad 《伊利亞特》 and the Odyssey 《奧德賽》, are attributed to him. ? Virgil: Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poem Aeneid, 《埃涅阿斯紀(jì)》 which tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the sack of Troy講述了埃涅阿斯在特洛伊陷落后的流浪經(jīng)歷. ? Horace: Roman lyric poet. His Odes and Satires 《頌歌》 和 《諷刺作品》 have exerted a major influence on English poetry. ? Voltaire : French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. He wrote Candide (1759) and the Philosophical Dictionary (1764). ? 伏爾泰：法國哲學(xué)家和作家，其作品是啟蒙時代的代表，常常攻擊不公正和不寬容。他著有《老實人》 （1759年）和 《哲學(xué)辭典》 （1764年） 2. Novel: a booklength fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a plex plot. ? Character: it is an individual within a literary work. Characters may be plex and well developed (round character多重角色) or undifferentiated無差別的 and onedimensional (flat character單一角色 ) . ? Protagonist: the central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist對手, to acplish something. ? Plot: the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem.? Diderot: French philosopher and writer whose supreme acplishment was his work on the Encyclop233。die (17511772), which epitomized the spirit of Enlightenment thought. He also wrote novels, plays, critical essays, and brilliant letters to a wide circle of friends and colleagues. ? 迪德洛特，丹尼斯：(17131784) 法國哲學(xué)家和作家，他的最大成就是著作《百科全書》 （17511772年）。此書概括了18世紀(jì)啟蒙運動的精神。他還寫了小說、劇本、評論論文集以及給廣大范圍的朋友和同事的才華橫溢的書信 3. The Gothic novel: the novel which exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes, decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages, instruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly music behind which lurks no one knows what as the central story, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard瘦骨嶙峋的villain. The real originator of English Gothic novel was Horace Walpole, with his famous Castle of Otranto (1764) .? These novels rebel against the increasing mercialism and rationalism opened up to later fiction the dark, irrational side of human nature. 4. Epistolary novel: a type of novel in which the narrative i