簡單凱恩斯模型ppt課件(已修改)
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【正文】 簡單凱恩斯模型 思考題 ? 國民收入 (產(chǎn)出或 GDP)由什么決定？ 第一節(jié) 均衡產(chǎn)出 ? 一，假設(shè) ： ? 家戶和企業(yè) ? 總需求變動時，只會引起產(chǎn)量變動，使供求相等，而不會引起價格變動。 Keynesian Range Aggregate Output The Assumption Of Fixed Prices Intermediate Range Classical Range Price Level ? The most important assumption underlying this model is that prices are fixed. ? Keynes didn’t believe this but did believe that when the economy is in the recessionary range, prices and wages were sufficiently inflexible so that ine would adjust much faster than prices. Potential Output The Implication ? The fixed price assumption allowed Hansen and Samuelson to develop a Keynesian model readily distinguishable from the aggregate supplyaggregate demand model. The Keynesian Model 45? Aggregate Expenditures Real GDP, Output AE=C+I+G+X 二，均衡產(chǎn)出：和總需求相等的產(chǎn)出。 IUO IU0 100 第二節(jié)，消費函數(shù)理論 Aggregate Expenditures ? Total spending or “aggregate expenditures” may be represented algebraically by the equation: – AE=Consumption+Investment+Government Expenditures+Net Exports ? The aggregate expenditures curve is simply the vertical summation of these four ponents. Aggregate Expenditures Aggregate Expenditures 45176。 Ine (GDP) Expenditures Aggregate Expenditures 45176。 Ine (GDP) QP Q Aggregate Expenditures Expenditures The AE curve intersects the vertical axis above zero Autonomous consumption happens independently of ine The Keynesian Expenditure Function ? To fully understand how the Keynesian model works, we have to examine the major ponents of the Keynesian Expenditure Function: consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports. Consumption ? The largest ponent of aggregate expenditures. ? Accounts for almost 70% of total aggregate expenditures in the . Value of Category Category of 1996 Percent consumption ($, billion) of total Durable goods 538 12 Motor vehicles 222 Household equipment 212 Other 104 Nondurable goods 1,350 31 Food 658 Clothing and apparel 237 Energy 119 Other 336 Services 2,504 57 Housing 628 Household operation 251 Transportation 170 Medical care 681 Other 773 _____ ___ Total, personal consumption expenditures 4,392 100 Autonomous Consumption ? First, there is a level of consumption that occurs even if a person loses his or her job. – This person will still be able to consume by dipping into savings. ? The level of consumption that occurs regardless of changes in one’s ine is called “autonomous consumption.” Induced Consumption ? Second, there is a level of “induced consumption” that will depend on the individual’s disposable ine. – Disposable ine is the amount of money you have left after paying taxes to the government. 75 80 85 90 95 93 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1000 2022 3000 4000 5000 6000 0 6000 5000 4000 3000 2022 1000 0 Disposable ine (billions of dollars) Consumption (billions of dollars) 45176。 Saving in 1993 45176。 reference line C=DI Consumption in 1993 Marginal Propensity To Consume ? Keynes described this behavior in terms of a person’s “marginal propensity to consume” or “marginal propensity to expend.” ? This “MPC” is simply the extra amount that people consume when they receive an extra dollar of disposable ine. Marginal Propensity To Save ? The marginal propensity to save or the marginal prope
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