【正文】 GRE Argument終極提綱使用說明：這里是Argument全部242題的完整提綱。題號后面括號里的三項(xiàng)分別是：題目討論的題材/結(jié)論的性質(zhì)/主干論證過程。題目中帶下劃線的部分為題目背景信息；斜體部分為題目假設(shè)；無任何標(biāo)記部分為一般論據(jù)；黑體部分為題目結(jié)論。題目中括號里的數(shù)字表明這句話體現(xiàn)的是提綱中第幾號缺陷。題目后面的星星數(shù)量表示題目論證難度，星數(shù)越多題目越難。題目后面的數(shù)字為論證結(jié)構(gòu)與之類似的其他題目題號，可以參考準(zhǔn)備。提綱中具體缺陷后面括號里斜體縮寫表示該缺陷所屬的類型，缺陷后面的星號表示該缺陷在本題的嚴(yán)重程度，星數(shù)越多缺陷越嚴(yán)重。題目順序以新東方寫作教程第一章題庫順序?yàn)闇?zhǔn)。 51，（醫(yī)療/建議/對比）The following appeared in a medical newsletter. Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills(3), although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced(1,2). Therefore, all patients(4) who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics(5) as part of their treatment. ★★★★1. The author does not inform us about the severity of injuries, physical conditions of the two groups of patients. () ★★★★2. There might be other differences between treatments offered by the two doctors.() ★★★★3. Sugar pills may cause negative effects on the healing of the second group of patients. () ★★4. Not all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain will suffer from secondary infections. () ★★★★5. Not all patients with muscle strain are suitable to taking antibiotics. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★—————————————————————————————— 53, （生命科學(xué)/科學(xué)假說/并列）Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants(1) who showed signs of mild distress(4) when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn(2), a time when their mothers39。 production of melatonin(3)—a hormone known to affect some brain functions—would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a followup study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children—now teenagers—who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy(5). Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness(4) during infancy and this shyness continues into later life(6). ★★★★1. The sample of the mentioned study is too limited. (quantity of the sample) ★★★2. No direct evidence is provided to show that it is the high levels of mothers’ production of Melatonin that resulted in the distress showed by the infants studied. (confusing concurrence with causality) ★★★★3. The author fails to prove that increased levels of mothers’ production of Melatonin will directly affect their infants. () ★★★★4. The author simply equates mild distress with shyness. () ★★★★5. Different individuals may define the term shy in various ways. (definition of the term ‘shy’) ★★★★6. Many other genetic or environmental factors will cause shyness in those teenagers. () ★★★★——————————————————————————————203, （醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生/論斷/對比）The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient39。s stay is two days(2)。 at the large, forprofit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days(1). Also, the cure rate(2) among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice(3) that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient(5) than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few plaints(6) about service at the local hospital(4). Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals(8) is more economical(7) and of better quality than treatment in larger, forprofit hospitals. ★★1. The time length of a patient’s stay is not a good indication of the quality of treatment in the hospital. () ★★★★2. Other factors might also explain the shorter length of patient stay and higher cure rate in the Saluda hospital. () ★★★★★3. We do not know the severity of illness among patients in the Saluda hospital and in Megaville hospital, thus cannot evaluate the cure rate in the two hospitals. () ★★★★4. More employees per patient and few plaints do not necessarily indicate that treatment in Saluda hospital is better than that in Megaville hospital. () ★★★★5. A higher employeepatient ratio may just indicate organizational inefficiency at Saluda. (negative evidence) ★★★6. Without the total number of patients going to each hospital, we cannot evaluate what percentage of their patients plained. () ★★★7. The author fails to provide the actual expenditures of patients in the two hospitals, thus the assumption that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospital is more economical is unwarranted. () ★★8. The author hastily generalizes that treatment in other smaller, nonprofit hospitals will necessarily be more economical and of better quality than that in larger, forprofit hospitals. () ★★★★———————————————————————————— 7, （政治經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會/提議/并列）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper. In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council(3), because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled(1), air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses(2). If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly