【正文】 ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY CHAPTER 4 WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH Introduction Inflection and Derivation Compounding Other Word Formation Backformation Words from Proper Names and Metanalysis Exercises 1. INTRODUCTION Wordformation / wordbuilding is an important means of vocabulary enlargement. The English language has increased its resources not only through the adoption of words from other languages, but also through the formation of new words with the material available in the language. What is a word? A sound or a bination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and municates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a bination of morphemes. . do, does, did, doing, done, doer, undo But they are quite different in their structure. Typically, a word will consist of a root or stem, and zero or more affixes. Words can be bined to create other units of language, such as phrases, clauses, and/or sentences. A word consisting of two or more stems joined together form a pound word. A word consisting of one stem joined together with one or more than one affix form a derivative word. Root and Stem A root is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning, a consistent meaning whatever affixes may be added to it. . use [root] → useable → usage → used → useful → usefully → usefulness → useless → uselessly → uselessness → user → usual → usually → usualness → usurer → usury → usurious → usurp → usurpation → utilitarian → utility → utilize → utilizable → utilization → abuse → abusive → misuse → misusage → misuser A stem is a linguistic term used as part of a classification of the kinds of elements operating within the structure of a word. . ROOT STEM SUFFIXES WORD class classi fic classific fy classify fication classification ficatory classificatory fiable classifiable Types of word Structurally: 1. Simple word 2. Compound word 3. Complex/Derivative word 1. Simple word Any free morpheme can be a simple word. OR A simple word is one that contains only one free morpheme. . class book work … 2. Compound word What is a pound word? According to Randolph Quirk et al, a pound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem/base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. OR A pound word is made when two words are joined to form a new word. OR A pound is a word posed of more than one free morpheme. Examples by word class Modifier Head Compound noun noun football adjective noun blackboard verb noun breakwater preposition noun underworld noun adjective lovesick adjective adjective bluegreen verb adjective tumbledown preposition adjective overripe noun verb browbeat adjective verb highlight verb verb freezedry preposition verb undercut adjective preposition forthwith verb preposition takeout preposition preposition without A simple definition A pound is a word posed of two or more stems . class + room = classroom book + shelf = bookshelf in + to = into some + where = somewhere Compounding is a main type of word formation, which can appear in prepositions, pronouns, adverbs as well as in nouns, verbs and adjectives. 3. Complex/Derivative word A derivative / plex word is one that consists of one free morpheme with one or more than one bound morpheme. . PREFIX ROOT/STEM SUFFIX(es) COMPLEX WORD agree able agreeable ~ ableness agreeableness ~ ably agreeably ~ ment agreement ~ er agreer ~ ability agreeability dis ~ disagree dis ~ able disagreeable dis ~ ably disagreeably dis ~ ment disagreement Or A word formed from another by derivation, Or A word which has one free morpheme and one or more than one bound morpheme. . root/stem affixes plex words electric al electrical ally electrically ity electricity fy electrify fication electrification Processes of Word Formation 1. Major Processes 1) Affixation / Derivation 2) Compounding 3) Conversion 2. Minor Processes 1) Shortening 2) Reduplication 3) Onomatopoeia 4) Blending 1. Major Processes 1) Affixation / Derivation 2) Compounding 3) Conversion 1) Affixation / Derivation a) What is affixation? b) Positional categories of affixes c) Prefixes d) Suffixes e) Infixes a) What is affixation? Affixation is the linguistic process speakers use to form new words (neologisms) by adding morphemes (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the end (suffixation) of words. Prefixation Root/stem Suffixation [DE]pendre (f. OF) depend ent/ently/ence/ able/ency in depend ent/ently/ence b) Positional categories of affixes (a) prefix (b) suffix (c) infix (d) simulfix (e) suprafix (f) separable affix (g) derivational affix (h) inflectional affix (a) prefix A prefix is an affix that is joined before a root or stem. The prefix un attaches to the front of the stem selfish to form the word unselfish. (b) suffix A suffix is an affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem. The past tense suffix ed attaches to the end of the stem walk to form the past tense verb walked. (c) infix An infix is an affix that is inserted within a root. or stem. The focus marker um is a infix which is added a