【正文】 MBA專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)匯總AAbilitytopay principle 能力納稅原則The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden Absolute advantage 絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)The parison among producers of a good according to their productivity Aggregatedemand curve 總需求曲線A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at any price levelAggregatesupply curve 總供給曲線A curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at any level Appreciation 升值A(chǔ)n increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy Automatic stabilizers 自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定器Changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output Average revenue 平均收益Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate 平均稅率Total taxes paid divided by total ine Average total cost 平均總成本Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost 平均可變成本Variables costs divided by the quantity of output Accelerator 加速數(shù)the effect on GDP of the increase in investment that results from an increase in output. For instance, the greater output leads a firm to believe that the demand for its products will rise in the future。 the resulting increase in investment leads to growth in output and still further increases in investment, accelerating the expansion of the economy Acquired endowments 后天稟賦 resources a country builds for itself, like a network of roads or an educated population Adaptive expectations 適應(yīng)性預(yù)期expectations based on the extrapolation of events in the recent past into the future aggregate expenditures schedule 總支出曲線a curve that traces out the relationship between expendituresthe sum of consumption, investment, government expenditures, and net exportsand the national ine, at a fixed price level antitrust laws 反托拉斯法laws that discourage monopoly and restrictive practices and encourage greater petition arbitrage 套利the process by which assets with parable risk, liquidity, and tax treatment are priced to yield parable expected returns adverse selection 逆向選擇principle that says that those who most want to buy insurance tend to be those most at risk, but charging a high price for insurance (to cover the high risk)will discourage those at less risk from buying insurance at all asset 資產(chǎn)any item that is longlived, purchased for the service it renders over its life and for what one will receive when one sells it assistance in kind 實(shí)物援助public assistance that provides particular goods and services, like food or medical care, rather than cash asymmetric information 信息不對(duì)稱a situation in which the parties to a transaction have different information, as when the seller or a used car has more information about its quality then the buyer autonomous consumption 自主消費(fèi)that part of consumption that does not depend on ine average costs 平均成本the total costs divided by the total output average productivity 平均產(chǎn)量total quantity divided by the total quantity of input B Benefits principle 受益原則 The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services Bond 債券 A certificate of indebtedness Budget constraint 預(yù)算約束 The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit 預(yù)算赤字 An excess of government spending over government receipts Budget surplus 預(yù)算盈余 An excess of government receipts over government spendin barriers to entry 進(jìn)入障礙 factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents basic petitive model 基本競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模型 the model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of selfinterested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly petitive markets bequest savings motive 儲(chǔ)蓄的遺產(chǎn)動(dòng)機(jī) people save so that they can leave an inheritance to their children Bertrand petition 伯特蘭競(jìng)爭(zhēng) an oligopoly in which each firm believes that its rivals are mitted to keeping their prices fixed and that customers can be lured away by offering lower prices bilateral trade 雙邊貿(mào)易 trade between two parties boom 繁榮 a period of time when resources are being fully used and GDP is growing steadily CCapital 資本The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services Capital flight 資本外流A large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country Cartel 卡特爾A group of firms acting in unison Catchup effect 追趕效應(yīng)The property that countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich Central bank 中央銀行An institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy Ceteris paribus 其它條件相同A Latin phrase, translated as 39。other things being equal,39。 used as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant Circularflow diagram 循環(huán)流向圖A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Classical dichotomy 古典二分法The theoretical separation of nominal and real variables Closed economy 封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)An economy that does not interact with other economies in the world Coase theorem 科斯定理The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own Collective bargaining 集體談判The process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment Collusion 勾結(jié)An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge Commodity money 商品貨幣Money that takes the form of a modity with intrinsic value Common resources 共有資源Goods that are rival but