【正文】 現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時（1）現(xiàn)在完成時：：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。 ：（時間標志詞）these days,recently, lately,in/during the past few years, already ,yet ,never ,ever, just, before, in the past (last) few days,so far ,once, twice ,for＋時間段，since＋過去的時間點，since＋—般過去時的從句等。 ： have/has + done ： have/has + not +done.： 把have或has放于句首。： 直接用has /have 進行反問 ：①表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結果。如： —Have you had your lunch yet？你吃過午飯了嗎？ —Yes，I 39。ve just had ，我剛吃過。(現(xiàn)在不餓了) I have closed the door. (門現(xiàn)在是關的)②表示從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，可能還要持續(xù)下去，常與for或since連用。表示持續(xù)的動作或狀態(tài)多為延續(xù)性動詞。如： He has lived here since ，他就住在這兒。 I have learnt English for ten 。 We have lived here for two years. (過去住到現(xiàn)在)8. 難點：（1）現(xiàn)在完成時可和疑問詞where, why, how 連用，對時間的提問不用when，只用how long。 Where have you been? Why have you turned off the radio? When have you e back? () He has been in China for 4 years. (提問) When() / How long(252。) has he been in China?（2）have been to /have gone to /have been in 的區(qū)別 have been to +地點 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地，現(xiàn)人已返回。(once ,twice ….) have gone to +地點 表示人已去了某地，人還未返回。(where is sb ?) have been in +地點 表示在某地呆多長時間。（for…../ since …..） I have been to Beijing twice. –Where is Tom? –He has gone to HK.Lucy has been in this school for two years.（3)短暫性動詞和持續(xù)性動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時A. 若后面沒有時間狀語“for + 時間段，since + 時間點”時，短暫性和持續(xù)性動詞都可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如：I have bought(短暫) a new puter. (252。) He has already lived (持續(xù)) in the small village. (252。)B. 若后面有時間狀語“for + 時間段，since + 時間點”時，要用持續(xù)性動詞或短暫性動詞的否定。如： They have stayed (持續(xù)) in the village for 10 years. I have taught(持續(xù)) English at this school since 5 years ago.You haven’t received (短暫)her letter for 2 weeks.We haven’t left (短暫)China since 20 years ago.注意：非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯）I have received his letter for a month. （對）I haven39。t received his letter for almost a month.C. 短暫性動詞的肯定不能與“for + 時間段，since + 時間點”連用，若要和他們連用則要將短暫性動詞變?yōu)橄鄬膭釉~。如：I have e here for 3 years. ()→I have been here for 3 years.( 252。)現(xiàn)舉例說明這類動詞的變化：下劃線的詞是錯的，括號里的詞是對的，borrow / lend→ kept She has borrowed(kept) the magazine since two weeks ago.catch→ had Kate has caught (had) a cold for one day.buy→ had I’ve bought (had) this radio for 3 years. put on → worn He has put on (worn) the new coat for a week.leave / go→been away They have left(been away) for one year. start / begin→ been on The film has begun (been on) for 8 minutes.get up→ been up He has gone up(been up) more than two hours. move→ been out (of) Jim’s family have moved(been out of) here for over 2 years.finish→ been over The football match has finished(been over) for two hours. open→ been open The factory has opened(been open) since 1990. close→ been closed The factory has closed (been closed) for 2 months. die→ been dead That old man has died(been dead) for three years. join→ been in/ been a member (of) Her father has joined (been in) the Party for ten years. e/ bee/ arrive→been(in) They have e to(been in) this school since 1990. 注意：非延續(xù)性（短暫性）動詞的肯定不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。必須把非延續(xù)性動詞改為相應的表示延續(xù)性的動詞或短語，這時可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。常見的非延續(xù)性動詞通常作如下變換：e/go to → be at /in ， leave→be away from， buy→have， borrow/lend→keep， die→be dead， start/begin→be on， close→be closed， open→be open， join→be in/be a member of/be a soldier.....， go/e there→be there， get married→be married， get up be up， catch a cold→have a cold， return→be back， fall ill→be ill，bee→be， has gone to→has been in， diedead ， make friend be friend fall asleep be asleep ， catch a cold – have a cold， reach/get/arrivestay/be 等。 誤：l have bought this puter for two years. 正：I have had this puter for two years. 這臺電腦我買了有兩年了。 （4)與現(xiàn)在完成時有關的四種句型之間的轉換。 現(xiàn)在完成時的四種句型： A).主語+短暫性動詞的過去式+ 時間+ago B).主語+have/has +延續(xù)性動詞的過去分詞+for…./since …. ago. C).It’s +時間段+since +短暫性動詞的過去式 D).時間段+has passed +since +短暫性動詞的過去式如：“我來廣東有4年了”可用以下句型表示： I came to Guangdong 4 years ago. →I have been in Guangdong for 4 years. It’s 4 years since I came to Guangdong →Four years has passed since I came to Guangdong. His grandfather died two years ago. His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grand