【正文】 Citizens of the world benefits system introduced 世界各國(guó)公民福利制度介紹 ? 瑞典是世界上福利最好的國(guó)家之一，瑞典等北歐國(guó)家的福利制度，可以用一句話來(lái)形容，那就是 “ 從搖籃到墳?zāi)?”無(wú)所不包。北歐國(guó)家制訂了全球最完善、以稅收為基礎(chǔ)的福利制度，這套體系包括：教育資助、免費(fèi)醫(yī)療、失業(yè)救濟(jì)、老人照料、養(yǎng)老金支付、殘疾人救助、單親父母津貼、家庭和兒童保護(hù)等各個(gè)方面?？梢哉f(shuō)，政府對(duì)公民照顧得無(wú)微不至。瑞典的社會(huì)福利制度萌生于第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前，當(dāng)時(shí)以德國(guó)為樣板，對(duì)部分在職職工實(shí)行了包括工傷、疾病和養(yǎng)老金等在內(nèi)的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)，稍后又實(shí)行了失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)。福利制度在一定程度上是一種把貧富 “ 拉平 ” 的政策。 以住宅為例，瑞典其住宅制度被列入社會(huì)保障制度。瑞典政府住宅政策的目標(biāo)是使每個(gè)人都能獲得一所足夠?qū)挸ê褪孢m且環(huán)境優(yōu)美的住所。社會(huì)已把獲得夠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的住宅認(rèn)為是人們的一種社會(huì)權(quán)利。瑞典住房的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量，都已跨入了世界最高水平的行列。 ? Swedish social welfare system Sweden is the world39。s one of the best benefits, Sweden and other Nordic countries, the welfare system can be described in one sentence, that is, from cradle to grave allenpassing. The Nordic countries have developed the world39。s most perfect, taxbased welfare system, this system includes: Grants, free medical care, unemployment benefits, the elderly care, pension payments, disabled assistance, single parent allowance, family and child protection aspects. Can be said that the government take care of perhaps its citizens. Sweden39。s social welfare system before the initiation of the First World War, when Germany as a model, on the part of the implementation of active employees, including injury, disease, and social security pensions, etc., and later introduced unemployment insurance. ? Welfare system to some extent, the rich and the poor is a leveling policy. ? To housing for example, the housing system was included in the Swedish social security system. Swedish government housing policy goal is to make everyone get an adequate and fortable and spacious acmodation and beautiful environment. Have access to sufficient standards of social housing that people of a social right. The quantity and quality of housing in Sweden, have entered the ranks of the world39。s highest level ? 加拿大擁有世界最佳的社會(huì)福利制度，其公費(fèi)醫(yī)療制度、家庭輔助金，退休養(yǎng)老金、失業(yè)津貼、損傷輔助、社會(huì)救濟(jì)金等都是最優(yōu)良的社會(huì)福利制度，公民和永久居民可以說(shuō)是老有所養(yǎng)，病有所醫(yī)。到達(dá)加拿大后要辦的幾件事之一是申請(qǐng)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)。這個(gè)九位數(shù)的號(hào)碼是你可以工作、付稅、使用政府各項(xiàng)服務(wù)等的身份代碼。申請(qǐng)銀行戶(hù)頭、電話號(hào)碼等許多時(shí)候也都要求有社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)。不要將你的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)隨便告知他人。社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)應(yīng)到所在城市的就業(yè)中心（ Employment Center）申請(qǐng)。大部分福利計(jì)劃都是針對(duì)某種有特別需要的人的，你必須符合這類(lèi)人的條件。有些福利可能是你得曾經(jīng)付過(guò)錢(qián)給該計(jì)劃才被認(rèn)可。有些個(gè)人和家庭可能同時(shí)符合幾種福利計(jì)劃的申請(qǐng)條件。需分開(kāi)申請(qǐng)。申請(qǐng)時(shí)必須有社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)號(hào)碼。 Canadian social welfare system ? Canada has the world39。s best social welfare system, the public health system, family support payments, retirement pensions, unemployment benefits, injury assistance, social benefits are all the best social welfare system, citizens and permanent residents can be said to be old some support, medical. After arrival in Canada is one of a few things to do to apply for social security number. The ninedigit number that you can work, pay taxes, the use of government services such as code. Apply for a bank account, telephone number, and many times also are required to have Social Security numbers. ? Do not your Social Security number to anyone casually. Social Security number should go to the city39。s employment centers (Employment Center) application. Most welfare programs are directed at a person with special needs, you must meet the conditions for such people. Some benefits may have to pay any money you have to give the program are accepted and approved. Some individuals and families may also apply for welfare programs meet several conditions. A separate application required. Application must have Social Security numbers. ? 法國(guó)人共享有 400多種福利補(bǔ)貼，政府每年從國(guó)庫(kù)里拿出大量的資金用于各種福利補(bǔ)貼。孩子從母親受孕后的第五個(gè)月起，一直到他長(zhǎng)大成人直至死亡，就享受這400多種福利中的某項(xiàng)。 法國(guó)再分配的主要特點(diǎn)是全民享有，包括農(nóng)民和外國(guó)人，越窮享受的福利越多。外國(guó)人只要在法國(guó)有合法居留身份，就能和法國(guó)國(guó)民一樣享受某些福利，沒(méi)有任何歧視，筆者在法國(guó)也享受他們的住房補(bǔ)貼等福利。當(dāng)然，法國(guó)分配制度的公平化是和法國(guó)工人階級(jí)不斷斗爭(zhēng)分不開(kāi)的。筆者曾考察了法國(guó)人民為捍衛(wèi)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度的斗爭(zhēng)。在一次工人和公務(wù)員舉行的全國(guó)游行示威時(shí)，見(jiàn)一個(gè)男孩背著一塊標(biāo)語(yǔ)牌，上面寫(xiě)著 :“ 我今天游行是為了我的明天” 。一位退休的老人舉著的標(biāo)語(yǔ)上面則寫(xiě)著 :“ 我們游行是為了我們的子孫后代”。 French social welfare system 400 French people share a variety of benefits subsidy, the government pulled out from the national treasury every year a lot of money for various welfare benefits. The child from the mother after the first five months of pregnancy, has been growing up until his death, to en