【正文】 英文科研論文寫作簡介1. 引言英文論文寫作的前提是有創(chuàng)新研究成果，創(chuàng)新研究成果的關(guān)鍵是選題?！癆n acceptable primary scientific publication” must be “the first disclosure”. 科研論文寫作常出現(xiàn)的一個誤區(qū)是：以為好論文是“寫”出來的，只要會寫，論文總能被接受發(fā)表。其實，論文被發(fā)表只是結(jié)果，這個結(jié)果是和一系列科研環(huán)節(jié)密切相關(guān)的，論文寫作只是其最后一個環(huán)節(jié)。在選擇科研課題和工作切入點時，就需特別注意，一定要有創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容，科學(xué)研究的靈魂是創(chuàng)新，重復(fù)別人的工作，從科研的角度來說，是沒有意義的。值得注意的是，閱讀有關(guān)英文科技論文，不僅可以了解研究進(jìn)展和動態(tài)，而且，可以學(xué)會科技英文表達(dá)。同樣，選題很好，研究工作做得不夠細(xì)致、深入，也難有說服力，難以成為有價值的研究工作。由于本書只介紹英文科研論文的寫作，不講如何做研究，因此只介紹有了好的研究成果后如何寫成合格的科研文章。The goal of scientific research is publication. Scientists, starting as graduate students, are measured primarily not by their dexterity in laboratory manipulations, not by their innate knowledge of either broad or narrow scientific subjects, and certainly not by their wit or charm。 they are measured, and bee known (or remain unknown) by their publications. A scientific experiment, no matter how spectacular the results, is not pleted until the results are published. Thus, the scientists must not only “do” the science but must “write” science. Bad writing can and often does prevent or delay the publication of good science.2. 科研論文的一般格式?？蒲姓撐?，不象散文、小說那樣形式可以千姿百態(tài)，而具有較為固定的格式。從某種意義上說，科研論文是“八股文”。The IMRAD format. What question (problem) was studied? The answer is the Introduction. How was the problem studied? The answer is the Methods. What were the findings? The answer is the Results. What do these findings mean? The answer is the Discussion. 其通常的組成和每部分的特點見表1。表1 科研論文格式及其特點組成部分名稱(按文章順序)特點或簡要說明題目Title1020 words簡明，不必求全。Brief. A plete sentence is not necessary.作者信息 姓名 單位地址 聯(lián)系方式：Email地址、 傳真、電話。Authorship Names of authors Affiliation Email address andtelephone and faxnumbers forcorresponding author, if possible.通訊作者：往往是固定研究人員或項目負(fù)責(zé)人。Corresponding author: Faculty member or principal investigator.摘要Abstract 150200 英文詞，說明研究目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論和意義?？梢詫懸恍┒拷Y(jié)果。不僅對讀者，而且對文獻(xiàn)檢索者都有幫助。150200 words to give purpose, methods or procedures, new results and their significance, and conclusions. Write for literature searchers as well as Journal readers.Include major quantitative data if they can be stated briefly, but do not include background material.關(guān)鍵詞Key words3－5個關(guān)鍵詞，作為論文檢索用，使讀者可用關(guān)鍵詞方便檢索到此論文，并對論文按內(nèi)容分類。35 key words which can be regarded as index words.符號表Nomenclature，Notation or Symbols說明文章中符號表示的量的意義，單位。盡量用國際單位制。Use SI units as much as possible.引言Introduction 篇幅：全文的1020 %。說明所研究問題的重要性；相關(guān)研究回顧與綜述：指出已有研究的不足和局限，但語氣應(yīng)友善而含蓄。說明本論文的目的和重要性。Introduce the importance of the problem studied.Review of previous work.State the limitations or shortings of the previous work.Clearly state the purpose and significance of the present work.Notice: Do not attempt to survey the literature pletely. If a recent article has a survey on the subject, cite that article without repeating its individual citations. In general, the Introduction should be no more than 3 doublespaced wordprocessed pages with no figures and tables.研究或?qū)嶒灧椒≧esearch approachTheoretical section or Experimental section篇幅：全文的2030%。介紹為簡化問題所作的必要且合理的假設(shè)；對問題進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)描述：列方程、邊界條件和初始條件；問題求解；或介紹實驗儀器、條件和步驟：使讀者閱讀后可重復(fù)實驗。Make necessary assumptions. Describe the problem in mathematical equations together with relating boundary and initial conditions. Obtain the solution.Let the research can be reproduced.Describe the apparatus and instruments. Describe pertinent and critical factors involved inthe experimental work.結(jié)果和討論Results and discussion篇幅：全文的40%左右。研究結(jié)果介紹，數(shù)據(jù)的必要解釋，新發(fā)現(xiàn)討論，與其它相關(guān)結(jié)果的比較。結(jié)果和討論也可分開。結(jié)果：直接的發(fā)現(xiàn)；討論：間接的發(fā)現(xiàn)。此部分內(nèi)容安排要特別注意邏輯性。Present the results.Discuss new findings.Provide explanations for data.Elucidate models.Compare the results with other related works. Results and Discussion may be separated.Results: direct findings.Discussion: indirect findings.Notice: please logically arrange the contents.結(jié)論Conclusions 介紹研究工作的主要結(jié)論。力求簡明。Summarize conclusions of the work.致謝Acknowledgement(s)說明本工作受到的資助及得到的幫助。Information regarding the supportorsupporter (s) (., financial support) is included here.參考文獻(xiàn)References 對于一般科研論文，參考文獻(xiàn)為10－20篇；對于綜述性論文，參考文獻(xiàn)為60－100篇。1020 references for research paper and 60100 references for review paper.附錄Appendix 一些公式的詳細(xì)推導(dǎo)等內(nèi)容可放在附錄部分，以便使論文更緊湊。 Some detailed derivation of equations etc. could be placed in this part. 以上為英文科技論文的一般要求，不同期刊風(fēng)格和要求會有所不同。練習(xí)1。2. 科技論文的寫作步驟 步驟及注意事項如同繪畫。繪畫要構(gòu)思、畫輪廓、再描繪、收拾?？萍颊撐牡膶懽鞑襟E見表2。表2 英文科技論文寫作步驟準(zhǔn)備材料確定題目寫提綱 和指導(dǎo)老師討論。安排和調(diào)整材料寫論文草稿 和指導(dǎo)老師討論。認(rèn)真檢查：內(nèi)容、煉字、煉句 請指導(dǎo)教師修改在有條件的情況下請Native English speaker 修改英文。值得注意的是，論文最好在研究工作進(jìn)行中就開始醞釀，這樣對研究本身的完整性會有幫助，而且，寫作過程中也往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)一些問題，由于實驗裝置尚在，實驗還可進(jìn)行，這些問題還可方便解決。 練習(xí)2。3. 各部分寫作的注意事項 如何寫論文題目First impressions are strong impressions。 a title ought therefore to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limit permit, a definite and concise indication of what is to e. T. Cliffort AllburtWhat is good title? I define it as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the context of the paper. 如何寫英文摘要英文摘要是全文的濃縮，一般包括研究目的、研究方法、研究結(jié)果和結(jié)論。摘要是全文的摘要，因此論文從引言(Introduction)、論文展開(Approach)，結(jié)果(Results)和討論(Discussion)以及結(jié)論部分的要點在引言中都應(yīng)有反映。摘要部分應(yīng)盡可能簡明，一般不超過300個詞，摘要比論文具有更廣泛的讀者，因此，盡量用通俗和易懂的詞匯(這些詞匯無需通過閱讀全文或查相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)后就可明白)，且風(fēng)格、時態(tài)等應(yīng)統(tǒng)一。在英文摘要中，時態(tài)可以是一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時,具體用何種時態(tài)，應(yīng)根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容而定，但一般多用被波動語態(tài)。請看下面的例1－例7。注意，摘要中別忘了寫出論文的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)或結(jié)論。 一般情況下，摘要中不列參考文獻(xiàn)，不含圖表。英文摘要內(nèi)容完整，可獨立存在。摘要雖在最前面，但實際上，它往往最后寫。等全文完成后，再根據(jù)全文的內(nèi)容提煉和推敲。當(dāng)然，有些國際會議，開始只需要提交摘要，這時，摘要常常先寫。下面列舉了幾篇國際期刊論文的英文摘要，供讀者參考。同時注意縮寫字的使用。摘要例1[1]Abstract: Interactions between volatile organic pounds (VOCs) and vinyl flooring (VF), a relatively homogenous, diffusioncontrolled building material, were characterized. The sorption/desorption behavior of VF was investigated using singleponent and binary systems of seven mon VOCs ranging in molecular weight from n