【正文】 遼寧石油化工大學(xué)繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院論文 I 摘 要 本設(shè)計(jì)為年產(chǎn) 170萬噸 /年沈北 原油的常壓 塔 設(shè)計(jì)。 石油是現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的血液，我國的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行都離不開石油，但是又不能直接作為產(chǎn)品使用，必須經(jīng)過加工煉制過程，連制成多種在質(zhì)量上符合使用要求的石油產(chǎn)品，才能投入使用。 原油常減壓蒸餾作為原油的一次加工工藝，在原油加工總流程中占有重要作用，在煉廠具有舉足輕重的地位，其運(yùn)行的好壞直接影響到后續(xù)的加工過程。其中重要的分離設(shè)備 — 常壓塔的設(shè)計(jì)，是能否獲得高收率、高質(zhì)量油的關(guān)鍵。近年來常減壓蒸餾技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)不斷創(chuàng)新，裝置節(jié)能消耗顯著，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量提高。但與國 外先進(jìn)水平相比，仍存在較大的差距。 為了更好地提高原油的生產(chǎn)能力，本著投資少，能耗低，效益高的思想對大慶原油進(jìn)行常壓蒸餾設(shè)計(jì)。設(shè)計(jì)的基本方案：設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)常壓一段汽化蒸餾裝置，此裝置由一臺管式加熱爐、一個(gè)常壓塔以及若干臺換熱器（完善的換熱流程應(yīng)達(dá)到要求：充分利用各種余熱；換熱器的換熱強(qiáng)度較大；原油流動壓力降較小。）、冷凝冷卻器、機(jī)泵等組成，在常壓塔外側(cè)為側(cè)線產(chǎn)品設(shè)汽提塔。流程簡單，投資和操作費(fèi)用較少。原油通過這樣的常壓蒸餾，一般可得到 350— 370℃以前的幾個(gè)餾分，可用作汽油、煤油（航空或燈用、）柴油等產(chǎn)品， 也可分別作為重整化工（如輕油裂解）等裝置的原料。蒸余的塔底重油可作鋼鐵或其它工業(yè)的燃料。在某些特定的情況下也可以作催化裂化或加氫裂化裝置的原料。 關(guān)鍵詞： 原油； 常壓設(shè)計(jì)； 換熱； 常壓塔 遼寧石油化工大學(xué)繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院論文 I Abstract This is mainly on the annual production of 2， 000,000 tons of crude oil in Daqing atmospheric design. Oil is one important source of energy, China39。s industrial production and economic operation can not be separated from oil， But as the product can not be directly used, Refining the process must go through processing, and even made a variety of quality in line with the requirements of the use of petroleum products, can be put into use. Atmospheric and vacuum distillation of crude oil as a crude oil processing technology, the total flow of crude oil processed in an important role, In the refinery plays a decisive role in its operation will have a direct impact on the followup of the important separation equipment atmospheric tower design is the availability of highyield, highquality oil in the recent years atmospheric and vacuum distillation technology and management experience continuous innovation, significant consumption of energysavmpared with fing devices, improving product quality. However, cooreign advanced level, there are still large gaps. To better enhance the production capacity of crude oil, in a small investment, low energy consumption and high efficiency of the thinking of the Daqing oil for atmospheric distillation basic design of the programme: design a section of vaporizationatmosphericdistillation unit,This device from a furnace official, a Taiwan atmospheric tower and a number of heat exchangers(Improve the heat transfer process should meet the requirements: the best use of waste heat。 heat exchanger greater intensity of the heat exchanger。 flow of oil pressure drop smaller.) Condensate cooler, Pump and other ponents, in the atmospheric tower adjacent to the lateral line products based processes, investment and operational costs oil through the atmospheric distillation, 350370 ℃ before the general availability of several fractions,Can be used as gasoline, kerosene (aviation or lamp), diesel and other products, Also can be reengineering as a chemical (such as naphtha cracking) of raw materials and other devices. I steamed the bottom of heavy oil for steel or other industrial fuel. In certain circumstances can also be FCC or hydrocracking unit of raw materials. Key words： oil pressure； Atmospheric design； Heat exchanger； Atmospheric tower 遼寧石油化工大學(xué)繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院論文 II 目 錄 前 言 ........................................................................... 1 1 物料衡算 ....................................................................... 4 基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)的處理 ............................................................. 4 基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù) ............................................................... 4 數(shù)據(jù)處理 ............................................................... 6 求平衡汽化曲線各點(diǎn)溫度 ................................................. 7 各種餾出產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì) ......................................................... 8 各種餾出產(chǎn) 品的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù) ................................................. 8 各餾出產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì) ...................................................... 10 物料衡算 .................................................................. 12 2 塔的工藝參數(shù)的選取 ............................................................ 13 原油精餾塔計(jì)算草圖求取 .................................................... 13 確定蒸汽用量 .......................................................... 13 塔板型適合塔板數(shù) ...................................................... 13 精餾塔計(jì)算草圖： ...................................................... 14 操作壓力的確定 ........................................................ 14 汽化段和塔底溫度的確定 .................................................... 14 汽化段溫度 ............................................................ 14 進(jìn)料在汽化段中的焓 .................................................... 15 .............................................................. 16 3 塔頂及側(cè)線溫度的假設(shè)與回流熱分配 .............................................. 17 全塔回流熱 ................................................................ 17 假設(shè)塔頂及各側(cè)線溫度 .................................................. 17 全塔 回流熱 ............................................................ 17 回流熱分配 ............................................................ 18 側(cè)線及塔頂溫度的校 ........................................................ 18 柴油抽出板（第 22層）溫度 ............................................. 18 煤油抽出板（第 10層）溫度 ............................................. 21 塔頂溫度 .............................................................. 22 4 塔設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 .............................................................. 24 全塔氣液負(fù)荷的分布計(jì)算 .................................................... 24 塔頂（第一塊板上方）的氣液負(fù)荷 ........................................ 24 第一層板下方的氣液負(fù)荷 ................................................ 24 常一線抽出口下方（即第 10層下方）的氣液負(fù)荷 ........................... 25 中段循環(huán)回流入口板上方的氣液相負(fù)荷 .................................... 26 中段循環(huán)回流抽出板下方的氣液相負(fù)荷 .................................... 28 煤油抽出板上方的氣液相負(fù)荷 ............................................ 29 柴油抽出板上方的氣液相負(fù)荷 ............................................ 30 汽化段氣液相負(fù)荷 ...................................................... 32 遼寧石油化工大學(xué)繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院論文 III 各段氣液相負(fù)荷列表 ..............