【正文】 General introduction on writing A smooth sea never make a skillful mariner outline 1. The basic pattern of writing 2. The ingredient of an essay 3. Paragraphs 4. Sentences 5. Words ? The basic patterns of writing: ? 1. narration ? 2. exposition ? 3. description ? 4. argumentation 詞的選用 五種寫作方法 文章結構 寫好句子 段落布局 structure Chains of writing Paragraph unity ? We have learned that a good paragraph consists of three parts: a topic sentence, supporting sentence and concluding sentence. If all the sentences in a paragraph discusses only one subject, then we say that paragraph is unified or it has unity. Figure out the unnecessary parts ? ****In most cases, we are more likely to write a fairly good paragraph with perhaps one or two irrelevant sentences. However, these should be identified and eliminated. ? As for CET 4 /6, the basic requirement is an essay about 150 words, that is , perhaps twelve sentences。 if you wander about the topic sentence, you probably fail to get the points persuasive or convincing. Coherence ? Coherence means that the ideas in your paragraph should flow smoothly from one sentence to the next to make clear, logical points about your subject. ? The reader should be able to follow easily what you have written and see quickly how each sentence grows out of each previous sentence in developing the subject . Coherence devices ? ** transitional words ? *** pronouns (it, he) ? ****demonstrative pronouns amp。 definite articles(this ,that, those, the) ? *****synonyms Transitional signals ? To signal relationship in time ? First/second etc. at first/ first of all ? to begin with in the first place ? For one thing from now/then on ? Since then prior to/previously ? After/after that afterward ? While/meanwhile at the same time ? As soon as/until at that moment ? Later/at last/finally later on ? Subsequently eventually To signal what follows is similar ? Likewise in the same way ? Similarly once more/again ? Not only but also both and ? Like/just like as/ just as To signal a contrast ? But/yet however ? Whereas in contrast (to) ? (al) though nevertheless ? In spite of/despite on the other hand ? On the contrary instead of ? Rather than differ from To signal an example, illustration ? For example/ instance such as ? in other words that is ? In particular in general ? Especially specifically To signal the reason/cause ? As a result of consequently ? Therefore/thus then/so ? Hence accordingly ? Because/ of due to/owing to ? For/ since thanks to To signal summ