【正文】 T h e C h i n a S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y P r o g r a m 中 國 可 持 續(xù) 能 源 項 目 促進節(jié)能的政策措施 Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures 能源基金會北京代表處 Energy Foundation Beijing Office 2021年 5月 May 2021 International EE Programs and Policies 國際能效項目與政策 Mandatory Voluntary 法規(guī) Regulations Information Dissemination 信息傳播 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Standards 自愿協(xié)議 Voluntary Agreements Demonstrations 示范 稅收 Taxation Training Programs 培訓(xùn)項目 Energy Codes and Standards Most Important Policies for EE 能效標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是最重要的節(jié)能政策之一 ? Savings Exceed 6,000 MW in California today and 13,000 MW as of Year 2021 (Compared to About 45,000 MW of Total Electricity). ? 在美國加州，今天的能源節(jié)約超過 6000兆瓦，到 2021年將超過 13000兆瓦（與大約 45000兆瓦的總耗電量相比） ? Fuel Cost Savings Are at Least Twice the Cost of Efficiency. ? 燃料成本的節(jié)約至少是節(jié)能成本的兩倍 GWH Impacts from Programs Begun Prior to 2021 2021年以前節(jié)能項目產(chǎn)生的節(jié)能量 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 GWH 百萬千瓦時 Utility Programs 電力公司的節(jié)能項目 Building Standards 建筑節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Appliance Standards 家用電器節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ~ 14% of Annual Use in California in 2021 2021年加州年用電量的 14% 美國的冰箱能耗與價格演變 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2021 Year Index (1972 = 100) Effective Dates of National Standards = Effective Dates of State Standards = Refrigerators冰箱 Central A/C中央空調(diào) Gas Furnaces燃氣灶具 Impact of Standards on Efficiency of 3 Appliances 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對 3種電器節(jié)能的影響 Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE, in ECEEE 2021 Summer Study, 75% 60% 25% 國標(biāo)生效日期 州標(biāo)生效日期 Annual Usage of Air Conditioning in New Homes in California 加州新建住宅年空調(diào)用電量 Annual drop averages 4% per year 平均每年下降 4% 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2021 2021 2021 2021 kWh/YEAR Source: CEC Demand Analysis Office 1992 Federal Appliance Standard 1992年聯(lián)邦電器節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn) California Title 20 Appliance Standards 家用電器節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 19761982 Initial California Title 24 Building Standards 建筑節(jié)能標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Estimated Impact of 2021 SEER 12 Standards 預(yù)期到 2021年 SEER12 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)生的節(jié)能量 100% 33% Sales Units % 169。 by GfK MS, Italy SDAMDA Dept. Average AT BE DE ES FR UK IT NL PT SE 4,8 53,4 31,5 7,2 3 2,8 49,1 38,1 6,4 3,5 11 65,7 16,8 4,3 7 57,9 32,7 32,5 47,6 12,8 6,8 6 52,6 33 3,4 5 61 26,1 9,5 3,2 47,2 32 15,5 21,2 66 6,3 3,8 35,1 45,7 7,9 10,7 3,2 70 24,3 Energy Class A ++ Energy Class A + Energy Class A Energy Class B Energy Class C Others 2021 Refrigerator sales in ten EU countries 2021年歐盟銷售的冰箱能效水平 Tax Incentives 稅收激勵 ? PerformanceBased基于績效 – Incentive depends only on meeting an energy target – 激勵程度取決于要滿足的某一節(jié)能目標(biāo) ? CostBased基于成本 – Incentive depends only on how much you spend on energy efficiency – 激勵程度取決于由于提高能源效率而導(dǎo)致的成本增加 Consideration for Incentive Policy Design激勵機制設(shè)計 ? Part of a broad energy policy package， Provide for positive interaction between energy codes, labels, and financial incentives. ? 是綜合能源政策的一部分，與能源法規(guī)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、標(biāo)識產(chǎn)生積極互動 ? Incentives should be based on performance and not cost, whenever possible. ? 盡可能使激勵手段基于績效而非成本 ? Energy performance goals should be ambitious enough to: 節(jié)能績效目標(biāo)應(yīng)該能： – Minimize free ridership 使 ―搭便車 ‖行為減至最少 – Control costs 考慮承受能力、控制成本 Consideration for Incentive Policy Design激勵機制設(shè)計 ? Targets may be provided in several tiers. ? 可對目標(biāo)分批、分級實現(xiàn) ? An administrative structure to oversee incentive awarding ? 建立管理機構(gòu)來監(jiān)督激勵項目的實施 – To maintain integrity 需要監(jiān)督來保證公正性 – not burdensome 程序不應(yīng)該太繁瑣 – Compliance documentation should have market value – 達標(biāo)證書應(yīng)該具有市場價值 ? Provide plementary programs for education, outreach, and marketing of the tax incentives. ? 要針對激勵政策開展教育、推廣以及宣傳活動，提高效果 Delivery Mechanisms 實施機制 ? State agency grants or loans ? 政府機構(gòu)撥款或貸款 ? Tax incentives at national or provincial level designed by officials ? 由政府部門決定國家或地方的稅收激勵 ? State or national tax incentives fixed by legislation or decree. ? 通過立法或法令確定州級或國家級的稅收激勵 Administrative Mechanisms 管理機制 ? Utilityrun rebate programs. ? 公用事業(yè)部門實施的補貼項目 ? Private sector or nonprofit programs. ? 私營部門或非營利部門 ? Provincial or national Energy or Environmental Agency administration of programs. ? 由地方或國家的能源或環(huán)境機構(gòu)來實施項目 ? Finance Ministry processes applications. ? 財政部門處理相關(guān)申請手續(xù) Funding Sources 資金來源 ? General government revenues ? 一般性政府財政投入 ? Public Benefits Fund for utility customers ? 公共效益基金 ? Carbon taxes or pollution taxes ? 碳稅或污染稅 ? Enhanced revenue collection from businesses ? 提高企業(yè)征稅 States with PBF 采用公共效益基金的州 PBF in the US 美國的公共效益基金 See for details UK Climate Change Program 英國氣候變化項目 ? Established in 2021 ? 2021年設(shè)立