[經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)]01-chapter5-gdp(已修改)
2024-10-31 02:15 本頁面
【正文】 1 Microeconomics The part of economics concerned with such individual units as industries, firms, and the households. 2 Macroeconomics the part of economics concerned with the economy as a whole. aggregate。 total output。 total employment。 total ine。 aggregate expenditures。 general level of prices Macroeconomics examines the beach, not the sand, rocks, and shells. 3 Chapter 5 Measuring the Economy’s Output 4 Main Points 1. Definition of GDP 2. How it is measured – Expenditure Approach (支出法 ) – Value Added Approach (增值法 ) – Ine Approach (收入法 ) 3. Nominal vs. Real GDP – Price Indices Sidebar – GDP deflaton 4. Shortings of GDP – As a measure of output – As a measure of wellbeing 5 WHAT IS GDP ? ? National ine accounting The techniques used to measure the overall production of the economy and other related variables for the nation as a whole ? Aggregate output ? GDP 6 WHAT IS GDP ? ? DEFN of GDP: The total value of all final goods and services produced for the market place during a given year, within the nation?s borders. ? Introduced during WWII as a measure of wartime production capacity. 7 WHAT IS GDP? ? DEFN: The total VALUE of all final goods and services produced for the market place during a given year, within the nation?s borders. ? adds up the DOLLAR VALUE of every good and service ? Measure of output at the level at which we value that output. 8 WHAT IS GDP? DEFN: The total value of all FINAL goods and services produced for the market place during a given year, within the nation?s borders. ? Only FINAL goods – avoid double counting ? Final goods good/service sold to its final user ? Intermediate goods – goods which are produced by one firm for use in further processing by another firm. 9 WHAT IS GDP? ? DEFN: The total value of all final goods and services PRODUCED for the market place during a given year, within the nation?s borders. ? Concerned with new or current production ? Does not include resale items (houses, cars, etc) ? Does not include transactions that do not involve production of a good or service (moary transactions, sales of stocks and bonds, transfer payments from government to individuals) ? Includes goods that were produced during the year but not sold (inventories). 10 WHAT IS GDP? ? DEFN: The total value of all final goods and services produced FOR THE MARKET PLACE during a given year, within the nation’s borders. ? Does not include transactions that are outside the market: ? Unpaid labour (mom watching kids) ? Black market transactions ? Barter transactions (I’ll paint your house if you fix my car) ? Talk about this more later 11 WHAT IS GDP? ? DEFN: The total value of all final goods and services produced for the market place during a given year, WITHIN THE NATIONS? BORDERS ? Includes all goods and services produced within the country, even if it wasn?t produced by Canadians. ? Excludes production of Canadians abroad. ? GNP: The total market value of all final goods and services produced during a given year by factors of production owned by a country?s citizens, regardless of where the output is produced. 12 WHY DO WE NEED IT? ? To assess the health of the economy ? To track the longrun course over time ? As a basis for policy formation 13 HOW DO WE MEASURE IT? We will consider 3 ways to measure GDP: – Expenditure Approach (支出法 ) – Value Added Approach (增值法 ) – Ine Approach (收入法 ) In Canada, the measurement is done by researchers at Statistics Canada. 14 HOW DO WE MEASURE IT? If calculated perfectly, these should all give the same final GDP number. But, ? Each method is subject to measurement errors. Thus using different ways allows Statscan to get a more accurate measure than is possible with only one method. 15 HOW DO WE MEASURE IT? ? The different ways of measuring total output give us different insights into the structure of the economy (. there is more to learn than the final number) ? Expenditure approach (demand side)。 ? Valueadded and Ine Approach (supply side) 16 THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH ? Main method of calculation ? A method of puting GDP that measures the amount of money spent on all final goods and services during a given year. 17 THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH ? Divides output into the four main categories of expenditures: ? Consumption goods and services (bought by households) ? Gross Investment ? Government Goods and Services ? Net Exports (Exports less Imports) GDP = C + Ig + G + Xn 18 GDP = C + Ig + G + Xn A. Consumption (C) ? The expenditure of households on durable and nondurable consumer g
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