【正文】 I 摘 要 汽包水位是影響余熱鍋爐安全運(yùn)行的一個(gè)重要參數(shù)。汽包水位過高或過低的后果都是非常嚴(yán)重的。因此對(duì)汽包水位必須進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格控制。單片機(jī)技術(shù)的快速 發(fā)展使得單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于過程控制領(lǐng)域并極大地提高了控制 性能。 本設(shè)計(jì)從分析影響汽包水位的各種因數(shù)出發(fā)，提出了采用汽包水位三沖量控制系統(tǒng)方案。按照工程整定的方法，進(jìn)行了 PID 參數(shù)整定，并以 MATLAB 為仿真平臺(tái)進(jìn)行仿真，仿真結(jié)果表明此控制系統(tǒng)具 有較高的調(diào)節(jié)質(zhì)量和調(diào)節(jié)精度，能夠維持汽包水位的穩(wěn)定。根據(jù)控制要求和所設(shè)計(jì)的控制方案進(jìn)行了 系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)，利用了單片機(jī)的編程實(shí)現(xiàn) 控制算法并進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計(jì)，最終完成單片機(jī)在余熱鍋爐汽包水位控制系統(tǒng)中的應(yīng)用。 關(guān)鍵詞 ：汽包水位 三沖量控制 單片機(jī) PID 控制 II ABSTRACT Drum water level is an important para meter influencing the safe operation of the surplus energy boiler. The consequences are very serious w hen the w ater level is too high or too low. So the drum water level must be strictly controlled. The rapid development of SCM technology makes it widely used in control field and it improves the performance of control greatly. According to the influence of various factors on the drum water level, this design adopts the three impulse control system scheme of drum level. According to the method of engineering tuning, the design adopts the tuning of PID parameters and uses MATLAB as the simulation platfor m. The simulation results show that this control system has high quality regulation and it can maintain the stability of the drum level. According to the control requirements and the desi gn scheme of the control system, the hardware design w as carried out. The softw are design of the system uses SCM programming control. Finally, we can finish that the drum water level of the surplus energy boiler is controlled based on SCM. Keywords: water level of the steam drum three impulse control SCM PID control I 目 錄 摘 要 .................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................II 第 1 章 緒論 ......................................................................................... 1 本設(shè)計(jì)研究的目的和意義 .......................................................... 1 國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展情況 ......................................................................... 3 第 2 章 余熱鍋爐汽包水位的設(shè)計(jì) ...................................................... 5 汽包水位控制系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)特性分析 .......................................... 5 保持汽包正常水位的意義 .................................................. 5 被控參數(shù)與控制變量選擇 .................................................. 6 在給水流量擾動(dòng)下的動(dòng)態(tài)特性 ........................................... 8 在蒸汽流量擾動(dòng)下的動(dòng)態(tài)特性 ........................................... 9 控制系統(tǒng)的方案 ........................................................................11 單沖量控制系統(tǒng) ................................................................ 12 雙 沖量控制系統(tǒng) ................................................................ 13 三沖量控制系統(tǒng) ................................................................ 15 方案選擇 ........................................................................... 16 建立數(shù)學(xué)模型 ........................................................................... 16 汽包水位控制系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型 ......................................... 17 測(cè)量變送環(huán)節(jié)的傳遞函數(shù) ................................................ 18 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的傳遞函數(shù) ........................................................ 19 儀表的選擇與各變送器轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù)的確定 ................................. 19 流量變送器轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù)的計(jì)算 ............................................. 19 給水調(diào)節(jié)閥轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù)的計(jì)算 ............................................. 20 液位變送器轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù)的計(jì)算 ............................................. 20 第 3 章 硬件電路設(shè)計(jì) ........................................................................ 21 A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換電路 ............................................................................ 22 I/V 變換電路 ............................................................................. 23 II D/A 轉(zhuǎn)換電路 ............................................................................ 24 DAC0832 的簡(jiǎn)介 ................................................................ 25 AT89C51 與 DAC0832 的接口電路設(shè)計(jì) ............................ 26 V/I 變換電路 ............................................................................. 27 AT89C51 對(duì) LCD 的接口電路 ................................................... 28 聲光報(bào)警電路 ........................................................................... 29 AT89C51 的最小系統(tǒng) ................................................................ 30 復(fù)位電路 ........................................................................... 31 時(shí)鐘電路 ........................................................................... 32 電源電路 ........................................................................... 33 上位機(jī)與 AT89C51 的通信 ...................................................... 34 第 4 章 軟件設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................... 36 程序流程設(shè)計(jì) ........................................................................... 36 系統(tǒng)主程序流程圖 ............................................................ 36 系統(tǒng)的初始 化子程序 ........................................................ 37 A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換檢測(cè)子程序 ......................................................... 38 增量型 PID 控制算法子程序 ............................................ 42 D/A 轉(zhuǎn)換監(jiān)控 子程序 ......................................................... 46 報(bào)警子程序流程圖 ............................................................ 46 第 5 章 PID 參數(shù)整定及仿真 ............................................................ 48 PID 控制器參數(shù)整定 ................................................................. 48 系統(tǒng)仿真分析 ........................................................................... 51 總 結(jié) ................................................................................................. 54 致 謝 ................................................................................................. 55 參考文獻(xiàn) ............................................................................................. 56 附錄 1: VI 電路仿真圖 ....................................