【正文】 1 電大 藥理學(xué) 形成性考核 答案 簡(jiǎn)述 抗高血壓藥的分類，每類舉一個(gè)代表藥 。 答： 抗高血壓藥物可分以下幾類： （ 1） 利尿藥，代表藥為氫氯噻嗪；（ 2）鈣拮抗藥，如硝苯地平； （ 3） 血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制藥，如卡托普利、依那普利；（ 4）抑制交感神經(jīng)活性藥物，如可樂定、利血平、哌唑嗪；（ 5）血管擴(kuò)張藥，如硝普鈉、肼屈嗪。 肝素和香豆素藥過量后所致出血用何藥解救？原因是什么？ 。 答： 肝素過量所致出血用于精蛋白解救，魚精蛋白分子結(jié)構(gòu)具有強(qiáng)堿性基團(tuán)，而肝素是一種粘多糖的硫酸酯，強(qiáng)酸性肝素可以和魚精蛋白結(jié)合成穩(wěn)定的復(fù)合物，使肝素 失去活性。香豆素類過量所致出血用維生素 K解救，因?yàn)?兩者化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性拮抗作用。 簡(jiǎn)述氟喹諾酮 類藥物藥理作用的主要特點(diǎn) 。 答： 特點(diǎn)是 ① 抗菌譜廣：對(duì)革蘭陽性菌、革蘭陰性菌、綠膿桿菌都有效； ② 細(xì)菌對(duì)本品耐藥性發(fā)生率低，與其它抗菌藥無交叉耐藥性； ③ 在體內(nèi)分布廣，治療泌尿系統(tǒng)感染、腸道感染、前列腺炎等效果好； ④ 大多數(shù)制劑可口服，使用方便 。 簡(jiǎn)述 紅霉素、鏈霉素、慶大霉素的不良反應(yīng) 。 答： 紅霉素主要不良反應(yīng)是：胃腸道反應(yīng)、肝毒性、過敏反應(yīng) 鏈霉素和慶大霉素不良反應(yīng)是：腎毒性、耳毒性、過敏反應(yīng)、 神經(jīng)肌肉阻滯 抗結(jié)核藥的用藥原則是什么？ 答： ① 早期用藥：因結(jié)核病變?cè)缙谥饕菨B出性反應(yīng)，病灶局部血液循環(huán)好，藥物易滲入，且細(xì)菌處于繁殖旺盛期，對(duì)藥物敏感。 ② 聯(lián)合用藥：?jiǎn)斡靡环N藥物結(jié)核菌極易產(chǎn)生耐藥性，聯(lián)合用藥可延緩耐藥性產(chǎn)生，可提高療效，降低毒性。 ③ 堅(jiān)持全療程規(guī)律用藥：足量、足療程用藥可獲得較好療效，復(fù)發(fā)率降低。 抗真菌藥的用藥原則是什么？ 答： 選藥原則應(yīng)明確是淺部真菌感染還是深部真菌感染；選擇局部用藥還是全身用藥。 癌癥疼痛患者選用鎮(zhèn)痛藥的原則有哪些？ 答： 三階梯鎮(zhèn)痛原則，也就是由專業(yè)醫(yī) 生在對(duì)癌痛的性質(zhì)和原因做出正確評(píng)估后，根據(jù)疼痛的劇烈程度將其分為輕、中、重三個(gè)等級(jí)，再按照此選擇不同的藥物。 輕度癌痛一般能忍受，日常生活和睡眠都不受影響，可以選用以阿司匹林為代表的非甾體類消炎鎮(zhèn)痛藥； 如果發(fā)展到中度持續(xù)性疼痛，睡眠將受到干擾，食欲也有所減退，此時(shí)以可待因?yàn)榇淼娜醢⑵愃幬飳⒊蔀槭走x； 而對(duì)重度，無法忍受劇烈疼痛的患者，則需要使用以嗎啡為代表的強(qiáng)效阿片類藥物制劑。 2 請(qǐng)您務(wù)必刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 萬分謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必 過小抄 Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailand39。s Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta Internatio nal Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that country39。s missions inBeijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou or Hong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassy39。s information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening peopletopeople contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: We39。ve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase twoway visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2021, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2021. Bali isn39。t just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesia39。s national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, in Guangdong province, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventureseekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalim