【正文】 1. Humans receive information with their senses: sounds through hearing。 images and text through sight。 shape, temperature, and affection through touch。 and odors through smell. To interpret the signals received from the senses, humans have developed and learned plex systems of languages consisting of alphabets of symbols and stimuli and the associated rules of usage. This has enabled them to recognize the objects they see, understand the messages they read or hear, and prehend the signs received through the tactile and olfactory senses. 人們通過他們的感官來接受信息 :聲音是通過聽覺 ,圖片和文檔通過視覺 , 形狀 ,溫度和感覺通過觸覺 ,氣味通過嗅覺 .為了解釋通過感官接收到的信號 , 人們開發(fā)和學習了一種由帶有符號和刺激物的字母表組成的復雜的語言系統(tǒng)和 它的使用規(guī)則 .這使得他們識別他們看到的物體 ,理解他們讀到或聽到的信息 , 理解他們通過觸覺和嗅覺的感官而接受到的符號 . 2. The carriers of informationconveying signs received by the senses are energy phenomena?audio waves, light waves, and chemical and electrochemical stimuli. In engineering parlance, humans are receptors of analog signals。 and, by a somewhat loose convention, the messages conveyed via these carriers are called analogform information, or simply analog information. Until the development of the digital puter, cognitive information was stored and processed only in analog form, basically through the technologies of printing, photography, and telephony. 視聽 聲波 ,光波以及化工和電化學的刺激的傳送 .按工程學上的說法 ,人是 模擬信號的接收體 .按在某種程度上放松的約定 ,通過這些媒介傳輸?shù)男畔⒈环Q 作是模擬形式的信息或者簡單模擬信息 . 有認知作用的信息僅僅是通過模擬形式 來儲存和處理 ,基本上通過打印 ,攝影術(shù)和電話的技術(shù)實現(xiàn) ,直到數(shù)碼計算機的 發(fā)展為止 . 3. Although humans are very adept at processing information stored in their memories, analog information stored external to the mind is not processed easily. Modern information technology greatly facilitates the manipulation of externally stored information as a result of its representation as digital signals?., as the presence or absence of energy (digitally in twostate, or binary,form) is often referred to as digital information. Modern information systems are characterized by extensive transformation between different types of analog and digital information. 盡管人類非常熟練地處理存儲在他們的記憶中的信息 ,但是處理存儲在人類 記憶以外的模擬信息 ,是一 個非常復雜的處理過程 .由于現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)對于數(shù)字 信號技術(shù)的作用 ,使得它極大地促進了外部儲存技術(shù)的信息控制 ,作為存在或者 缺少的能源 (數(shù)字在不同的區(qū)域或者二進制形式 ) ,它通常被稱為數(shù)字信息 . Acquisition and recording of information in analog form 4. The principal categories of information sources useful in modern information systems are text, video, and voice. One of the first ways in which prehistoric humans municated was by sound。 sounds represented concepts such as pleasure, anger, and fear, as well as objects of the surrounding environment, including food and tools。 Sounds assumed their meaning by convention?namely, by the use to which they were consistently put. Combining parts of sound allowed representation of more plex concepts and gradually led to the development of speech and eventually to spoken natural languages. 在信息系統(tǒng)中最有用的 ,也是 最主要的信息種類是文字 ,影像 ,聲音 .其中 的首次途徑包括史前人類交流所傳達的聲音 ,如聲音所表達的諸如快樂 ,憤怒 , 恐懼 ,以及周圍環(huán)境的物體 ,包括食品和工具在類的觀念 .聲音所承擔的意義 , 是由習慣決定的 ,也是由他們所要交流的人決定的 .結(jié)合部分聲音允許表達更多 復雜的概念這一特性 ,逐漸導致口語的發(fā)展和最終的 自然 語言地形成 . 5. For i