【正文】 March 16, 2020 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS REPORT: Lee Rainie, Director Inter, Science, and Technology Research Mary Madden, Senior Researcher RECOMMENDED CITATION: Shelton, Martin, Lee Rainie。 Mary Madden. Pew Research Center, March 15, “Americans’ Privacy Strategies PostSnowden.” Available at: g/2 015/ 03/1 6/ AmericansPrivacyStr ategies PostS now den/ NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD 1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER About this Report This report is the second in a series of studies that examine Americans’ digital privacyrelated perceptions and behaviors, following the ongoing revelations of government surveillance activities introduced in 2020 by the exNational Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden. To examine this topic in depth and over an extended period of time, Pew Research Center, Science and Technology research project conducted a survey of a representative online panel of 475 adults who are members of the GfK Knowledge Panel. These panelists have agreed to respond to four surveys over the course of one year. The findings in this report are based on a survey which was conducted in English and fielded online between November 26, 2020 and January 3, 2020. In addition, a total of 59 panelists also participated in one of six online focus groups as part of this study during December 2020 and January 2020. This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals: Martin Shelton, Research Consultant Lee Rainie, Director Inter, Science and Technology Research Mary Madden, Senior Researcher Monica Anderson, Research Analyst Maeve Duggan, Research Analyst Andrew Perrin, Research Assistant Dana Page, Communications Manager Other reports from Pew Research Center project on the topic of privacy and security online can be found at: 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER About the Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. The center studies . politics and policy views。 media and journalism。 inter and technology。 religion and public life。 Hispanic trends。 global attitudes and . social and demographic trends. All of the center’s reports are available at Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. 169。 Pew Research Center 2020 3 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Summary of Findings It has been nearly two years since the first disclosures of government surveillance programs by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden and Americans are still ing to terms with how they feel about the programs and how to live in light of them. The documents leaked by Snowden revealed an array of activities in dozens of intelligence programs that collected data from large American technology panies, as well as the bulk collection of phone “metadata” from telemunications panies that officials say are important to protecting national security. The metadata includes information about who phone users call, when they call, and for how long. The documents further detail the collection of Web traffic around the globe, and efforts to break the security of mobile phones and Web infrastructure. A new survey by the Pew Research Center asked American adults what they think of the programs, the way they are run and monitored, and whether they have altered their munication habits and online activities since learning about the details of the surveillance. The notable findings in this survey fall into two broad categories: 1) the ways people have personally responded in light of their awareness of the government surveillance programs and 2) their views about the way the programs are run and the people who should be targeted by government surveillance. Some people have changed their behaviors in response to surveillance Overall, nearly nineinten respondents say they have heard at least a bit about the government surveillance programs to monitor phone use and inter use. Some 31% say they have heard a lot about the government surveillance programs and another 56% say they had heard a little. Just 6% suggested that they have heard “nothing at all” about the programs. The 87% of those who had heard at least something about the programs were asked followup questions about their own behaviors and privacy strategies: 34% of those who are aware of the surveillance programs (30% of all adults) have taken at least one step to hide or shield their information from the government. For instance, 17% changed their privacy settings on social media。 15% use social media less often。 15% have avoided certain apps and 13% have uninstalled apps。 14% say they speak more in person instead of municating online or on the phone。 and 13% have avoided using certain terms in online munications. Those most likely to have taken these steps include adults who have heard “a lot” about the surveillance programs and those who say they have bee less confident in recent months that the programs are in the public interest. Younger adults under the age of 50 are more likely than 4 PEW RESEARCH CENTER those ages 50 and older to have changed at least one of these behaviors (40% vs. 27%). There are no notable differences by political partisanship when it es to these behavior changes. 25% of those who are aware of the surveillance programs (22% of all adults) say they have changed the patterns of their own use of various technological platforms “a grea