【正文】 寧夏理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 I 摘 要 本文是關(guān)于以天然氣為原料年產(chǎn) 15 萬噸合成氨變換工段初步設(shè)計。在合成氨的生產(chǎn)中，一氧化碳變換反 應(yīng)是非常重要的反應(yīng)。本設(shè)計的原料氣中含有部分一氧化碳，不能直接作 為合成氨的原料，而且對合成氨的催化劑有毒害作用，必須在催化劑的作用下通過變換反應(yīng)除去。因此，一氧化碳變換反應(yīng)既是原料氣的凈化過程，又是原料氣的制造過程。本設(shè)計采用中串低工藝流程，其主要包括工藝路線的確定、中低溫變換爐的物料衡算和熱量衡算、 變換爐 和 換熱器進(jìn)行總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 及 計算 。最終 繪制出了該工序帶控制點(diǎn)的工藝流程圖 。 關(guān)鍵詞 ： 天然氣；一氧化碳 變換；低溫變換爐 寧夏理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 II Abstract This article is a preliminary design section what about the annual output of natural gas as raw materials to transform fifteen thousand tons of carbon monoxide ammonia .In the production of ammonia, carbon monoxide shift conversion is a very important reaction. Because the gas contains part of carbon monoxide and it not only couldn39。t be directly used as those of the raw materials of synthetic ammonia, but also have poisoning effect on the catalyst of ammonia there must be removed through the catalytic reaction about the catalyst for transformation. So the carbon monoxide shift conversion is not only a gas purification process of raw materials, but also the manufacturing process of feed gas. This design uses medium and low temperature shift in series process, it contains the determination of process route, the Medium and Low Temperature Shifting Furnace of material balance and heat balance, shifting furnace and heat exchanger in overall structure design and calculation. Finally draw out the process control with process flow diagram. Keywords: natural gas。 carbon monoxide shift conversion。 Low Temperature Shifting Furnace 寧夏理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 III 目錄 摘要 .................................................................................................................................................. I Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................II 目錄 ............................................................................................................................................... III 1 綜述 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 氨的性質(zhì)和用途 ............................................................................................................. 1 氨的理化性質(zhì) ......................................................................................................... 1 氨的用途 ................................................................................................................. 1 合成氨技 術(shù)的發(fā)展史 ..................................................................................................... 2 世界合成氨技術(shù)的發(fā)展 ......................................................................................... 2 中國合成氨工業(yè)的發(fā)展概況 ................................................................................. 3 合成氨轉(zhuǎn)變工序的工藝原理 ......................................................................................... 4 合成氨的典型工藝流程介紹 ................................................................................. 4 合成氨轉(zhuǎn)化工序的工藝原理 ................................................................................. 5 合成氨變換工序的工藝原理 ................................................................................. 6 設(shè)計方案的確定 ............................................................................................................. 6 原料的選擇 ............................................................................................................. 6 工藝流程的選擇 ..................................................................................................... 7 工藝參數(shù)的確定 ..................................................................................................... 7 工廠的選址 ............................................................................................................. 8 2 變換工段物料及熱量衡算 ................................................................................................ 10 中溫變換物料衡算及熱量衡算 ................................................................................... 10 低變爐的物料與熱量計算 ........................................................................................... 21 廢熱鍋爐的熱量和物料計算 ....................................................................................... 26 主換熱器的物料與熱量的計算 ................................................................................... 28 調(diào)溫水加熱器的物料與熱量計算 ............................................................................. 29 3 設(shè)備的計算 ........................................................................................................................ 31 低溫變換爐計算 ........................................................................................................... 31 中變廢熱鍋爐 ............................................................................................................... 32 寧夏理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 IV 主要參考文獻(xiàn) .......................................................................................................................... 37 結(jié)束語 ...................................................................................................................................... 38 致 謝 ........................................................................................................................................ 39 附錄 .......................................................................................................................................... 40 寧夏理工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計 1 1 綜述 氨的性質(zhì)和用途 氨的理化性質(zhì) （ 1）物理性質(zhì)： 在常溫常壓下，氨是具有特殊刺激性臭味的無色氣體，能刺激人體器官的粘膜。氨有強(qiáng)烈的毒性，空氣中含有 %（體積）的氨，就能使人在幾分鐘內(nèi)窒息而死。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 條件下，氨的相對密度為 （空氣為 1）。 氨 還 易被液化，在 下，將其冷卻到 － ℃， 氨就能冷凝成無色液體，同時放出大量的熱量。 若 氨在 下冷卻至 － ℃ ，就凝結(jié)成略帶臭味的無色結(jié)晶。液氨也很易