【正文】 目錄 中文摘要 .............................................................. 3 英文摘要 .............................................................. 4 1 引言 ................................................................ 5 課題研究的背景和意義 ............................................. 5 課題研究的現(xiàn)狀 ................................................... 5 課題研究的主要內(nèi)容 ............................................... 6 2 系統(tǒng)的總體設(shè)計(jì)方案 .................................................. 7 跟蹤方法 ......................................................... 8 太陽(yáng)軌跡跟蹤方法的設(shè)計(jì) ....................................... 8 光電跟蹤方法的設(shè)計(jì) .......................................... 10 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) .................................................. 13 充電模塊的設(shè)計(jì) .................................................. 14 充電策略的選擇 .............................................. 14 充電控制器的選擇 ............................................ 17 3 系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì) ..................................................... 18 電源模塊的設(shè)計(jì) .................................................. 19 24V 到 5V的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................. 21 24V 到負(fù) 15V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 .......................................... 22 24V 到 15V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................ 22 24V 到 12V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................ 23 24V 到 12V 的轉(zhuǎn)化 ............................................ 23 光電檢測(cè)模塊的設(shè)計(jì) .............................................. 24 太陽(yáng)方位檢測(cè)模塊 ............................................ 24 太陽(yáng)光強(qiáng)檢測(cè)模塊 ............................................ 26 單片機(jī)控制模塊 .................................................. 28 單片機(jī)的選擇 ................................................ 28 外部時(shí)鐘電路 ................................................ 29 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 ............................................ 29 蓄電池充 電模塊 .................................................. 31 DC/DC 變換電路 .............................................. 31 MOSFET 驅(qū)動(dòng)電路 ............................................. 33 電壓采樣電路 ................................................ 34 電流采樣電路 ................................................ 35 蓄電池溫度檢測(cè)電路 .......................................... 35 PWM 方波設(shè)計(jì) ................................................ 36 4 電路仿真 ........................................................... 37 降壓（ BUCK）電路的仿真 .......................................... 37 太陽(yáng)光強(qiáng)和方位檢測(cè)電路的放大電路的仿真 .......................... 37 結(jié)論 ................................................................. 38 致謝 ................................................................. 39 [參考文獻(xiàn) ] ........................................................... 40 附件 1： .............................................................. 44 附件 2： .............................................................. 45 太陽(yáng)自動(dòng)追蹤系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 摘要 ： 人類(lèi)正面臨著石油和煤炭等礦物燃料枯竭的嚴(yán)重威脅，太陽(yáng)能作為一種新型能源具有儲(chǔ)量無(wú)限、普遍存在、利用清潔、使用經(jīng)濟(jì)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是太陽(yáng)能又存在著低密度、間歇性、空間分布不斷變化的缺點(diǎn)，這就使目前的一系列太陽(yáng)能設(shè)備對(duì)太陽(yáng)能的利用 率不高。 本文研究了基于太陽(yáng)自動(dòng)跟蹤的獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電作為太陽(yáng)能利用的重要方式，發(fā)展前景非常廣闊。目前，光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)多采用固定安裝的形式，這種發(fā)電系統(tǒng)具有發(fā)電效率低、成本高、不宜推廣等缺點(diǎn)。在光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中使用太陽(yáng)自動(dòng)跟蹤，能有效地提高太陽(yáng)能的利用率。因此，本文的研究對(duì)提高光伏發(fā)電效率、促進(jìn)光伏發(fā)電的推廣應(yīng)用具有重要的意義。 本文首先提出了一種將光電跟蹤方式和太陽(yáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡跟蹤方式相結(jié)合的全天候太陽(yáng)自動(dòng)跟蹤方法。分析并確定了晴天、多云和陰雨三種天氣條件下，應(yīng)分別采取的跟蹤模式；給出了光電跟蹤方式的 具體設(shè)計(jì)思路和實(shí)現(xiàn)方法；分析并確定了太陽(yáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的計(jì)算方法。根據(jù)提出的跟蹤方法，設(shè)計(jì)了一套自動(dòng)跟蹤式獨(dú)立太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)為小型光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，在太陽(yáng)自動(dòng)跟蹤的基礎(chǔ)上，全天候、高效率地獨(dú)立運(yùn)行，將盡可能多的太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能，儲(chǔ)存在蓄電池中。整個(gè)系統(tǒng)分為太陽(yáng)自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)和光伏電源系統(tǒng)兩個(gè)子系統(tǒng)。分別進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)子系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件設(shè)計(jì)。硬件設(shè)計(jì)包括太陽(yáng)方位檢測(cè)、光強(qiáng)檢測(cè)、單片機(jī)控制、數(shù)據(jù)采集、外部時(shí)鐘、光伏電源等模塊；而軟件部分設(shè)計(jì)了太陽(yáng)自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)的軟件體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)了各個(gè)硬件模塊的功能、光電檢測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)的處 理以及跟蹤機(jī)構(gòu)的驅(qū)動(dòng)控制。 本課題設(shè)計(jì)的自動(dòng)跟蹤式獨(dú)立太陽(yáng)能光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)太陽(yáng)的自動(dòng)跟蹤，使太陽(yáng)能電池板基本對(duì)準(zhǔn)太陽(yáng)垂直入射的方向，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了連續(xù)穩(wěn)定的電能輸出，保證 蓄電池的正常充電 。 關(guān)鍵詞： 太陽(yáng)能，光伏發(fā)電，光電跟蹤，太陽(yáng)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡跟蹤， 蓄電池充電 Abstract: An standalone PV(photovoltaic) generation system based on automatic solar tracking was researched. As an important way of utilizing solar energy, PV power generation has a broad prospect. Now many PV power generation systems use fixedmounted solar panels. These systems have the disadvantages of low efficiency of electricity generation, high costs and difficult to promote. By using solar automatic tracking, PV power generation systems can effectively improve the utilization of solar energy. So the study of this paper has an important significance to improve the efficiency of PV power generation and promote its application. Firstly, an allweather automatic solar tracking method bining the photoelectric detection and the solar trajectory tracking modes was proposed. Different tracking models taken in sunny, cloudy and rainy days were analyzed and identified. Specific design ideas and methods of photoelectric tracking was proposed. The sun trajectory calculation method was analyzed and determined to verify the feasibility. Then a PV power generation system based on above solar tracking methods was designed. The system is a smallscale PV power generation system, which can track the sun allweather and charging the battery as much as much as possible. The system’s hardware and software were designed. The hardware design included solar orientation and light intensity detection, puter control, data acquisition, external clock, PV power and so on. The software design realized the function of every hardware modules, data processing of photoelectric d