【正文】 1. 句子殘缺 i. 缺動(dòng)詞： 2. 固定搭配 ? fail to do sth ? the method is to do sth ? In contrast with/to ? Help: help sb (to) do sth, Help( to) do, be helpful in (要注意 ) ? estimate 用法 ? estimate (that) （不需加原 V） ? estimate + N + to be N(adj) (prep 251) ? estimate + N + at + 價(jià)格等數(shù)量詞 （估價(jià)）（除此概念以外優(yōu)先 用 estimated to be表達(dá)） 如： 40 to 44 million years是時(shí)間概念，要用 estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old. ? contrary to：一般接抽象名詞 (ideas, opinions, or actions)，在句首的時(shí)候不需要邏輯主語 ? the same… as ? Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as to a person standing on land. ? seem 的用法： ? seem to do sth It seems that+從句 It seems as if+從句 ? debilitation 和 debilitating 區(qū)別： debilitation虛弱，乏力， debilitating 使虛弱的 ? advocate 及物動(dòng)詞 argue for ? the rivals x and y /the rivalry between X and Y ? be expended on/in sth ? enshrine 通常用被動(dòng)， enshrine in或者 be enshrined in被動(dòng)語態(tài) ? as well as 有主次之分， A是主， B 是次 ? require 的用法： ? required some time/sbto do sth, Require sb. doing… 錯(cuò)誤 ? be required to do sth, ? require that sb(should) do sth ? require of sb that..(should) do..需要某人做某事 ? require doing（ require 主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)含義） A require making known to B.. ? rather/instead 單獨(dú)用時(shí)為副詞，所以加句子，不能加不定式 ? remend的用法： ，推舉，舉薦； a)remend sb. sth.=remend sth. to sb. 給某人推薦 b)remend sb. for the job/post/position 給某人推薦崗位（工作） c)remend sb. as +職務(wù) 推薦某人做什么 ，勸告，忠告；【同 advise用法一樣】 remend sb. to do remend doing remend ...that +主語 +shoud(在 GMAT中必須省略 )+動(dòng)詞原形 +其他【虛擬語氣】 ps:區(qū)別 advise與 suggest的用法 沒有 suggest sb. to do sth. 其余的一樣。 ? to do sth. takes sb some time。 it takes sb some time to do sth 。 當(dāng) sth takes sb some time to do 后面不加賓語 ? restriction on 而不是 for ? aggravating使惱怒和 aggravate 加重 ? such A as B 結(jié)構(gòu) =A such as B 謂語單復(fù)數(shù)情況和 A一致，因?yàn)?B 只是舉例的內(nèi)容 ? act like 和 act as 區(qū)別： act like 用于修飾人， behave in a similar manner, act as=fonction as ? announce sth to do sth announce something to somebody 或者 announce to somebody something (相當(dāng)于賓語后置 ) announce a decision/intention/plan (在這個(gè)時(shí)候如果 plan等 后面接 to do不會(huì)產(chǎn)生 to do做狀語修飾announce的歧義 )*:The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs. announce (that) 如果賓語從句引導(dǎo)詞 that不補(bǔ)出，依然能使正常讀者清晰斷句，且 announce后面常常不補(bǔ)出。 announce somebody/yourself 通報(bào) ...的到達(dá) 。通知 ...已準(zhǔn)備好（注意這個(gè)短語有專門意思） 錯(cuò)誤用法： announce to do/be sth. ? evidence 后面要跟同位語從句來說明 evidence 的具體內(nèi)容，而 evidence for 后面是要跟某個(gè) theory或 idea來表達(dá) evidence 支持該 theory或 idea的。如 evidence FOR evolution是指支持進(jìn)化論的證據(jù) ? as a means of 是作為什么的一種方法， as a means to 去實(shí)現(xiàn)什么的一種方法 ? Appear 用法： ? appear as=show up as Ex: Imperfections appear as tiny cracks. ? appear=seem， appear+adj Ex: He appears confused ? Appear to be done Ex: The dinosaur appears to have been relatively smart. ? It appears that… Ex: It appears that the dinosaurs were smart. ? allow用法： ? The holiday ALLOWS Maria TO WATCH the movie.（ =permits） Maria WAS ALLOWED TO WATCH the moive. The demolition of the old building ALLOWS FOR new construction（ =permits the existence of） X： The holiday ALLOWED FOR Maria TO WATCH the movie. The holiday ALLOWED Maria the THE WATCHING OF the movie. The holiday ALLOWS THAT homework BE done. Homework is ALLOWED FOR DOING BY Maria The ALLOWING OF shopping TO DO ? Attribute x(an effect) to y（ a cause），被動(dòng)則是： x(the effect) is attributed to y(a cause) ? Expect: 后 面是將來的時(shí)態(tài) I. expect to do sth/be expected to fall we expect the price to fall. The price is expected to fall II. expect that we expect that the price will fall. III. It is expected that It is expected that the price will fall IIII． there is an expectation that There is an expectation that the price will fall. ? difference fromamp。 difference/distinction between A and B ? lie/ lay做動(dòng)詞時(shí)用法說明 lie為不及物動(dòng)詞； lay為及物動(dòng)詞。 lie : lied lied 撒謊 lay lain 躺著；平放 ，展現(xiàn) lay : lay laid laid 產(chǎn)卵， 下蛋；放，擱 ? conceive的固定搭配 (cannot) conceive of (doing) something conceive that （不用虛擬語氣） conceive of something/somebody as something conceive what/why/how etc conceive sth. (such as idea) ? Take turns to do/doing 還是 to do 與 doing的區(qū)別 ……to do 指開始著手進(jìn)行尚未開始的事情 …doing 指正在做已 經(jīng)開始的事情 兩個(gè)短語分別是 “依次去做 ”“依次在做 ” ? claim: claim to be able to, claim that ? persuade 用法（ persuade 不能用 persuade that 一個(gè)人不能說服一件事情） ~sb. to do sth ~sb. into doing sth ~sb. of sth ~sb that ? prohibit: prohibit sth/ prohibit from doing /prohibit sb from doing sth（ prohibit that, prohibit sth to be done錯(cuò)誤） ? disclose—disclosure ? payment比 paying好， development比 developing好。對(duì)于沒有專門名詞形式的動(dòng)詞，再應(yīng)該用動(dòng)名詞。 ? indicate： indicate(to sb.)something/that… 顯示展現(xiàn) ? Presume: ?presume that I presume we39。ll be there by six o39。clock. ?presume somebody/something to be somebody/something (被動(dòng)即 sth. presumed to be) From the way he talked, I presumed him to be your boss. ?be presumed to do something The temple is presumed to date from the first century BC. ? the first…to do something ： “數(shù)詞 +不定式 ” ? each 型獨(dú)立主格 ,強(qiáng)調(diào)句尾名詞 ,形式為 : 句子 +復(fù)數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾 , each +介詞短語 /形容詞短語 /ed形式 /ing形式 ? reach for sth.：伸手抓某物； reach of sb.：在某人能觸及到的范圍內(nèi) ? make sth. adj結(jié)構(gòu)中如果 ，可以賓語導(dǎo)致： make adj. sth. ? charge a price for sth ? be born into/to/of sth. (=be born in a particular situation, type of family etc ? do (sth.) to one’s satisfaction固定搭配，做某事以使人達(dá)到滿意的程度 ? conclude的固定搭配： (1) conclude by doing sth./ conclude with sth.：以 …… 結(jié)束，借此后面接的是結(jié)束的方式、行為 She concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford. Each chapter concludes with a short summary. (2) conclude to ：達(dá)成 …… 而結(jié)束 *:conclude可以做及物動(dòng)詞也可以做不及物動(dòng)詞 ? Be known to be known to have done sth的問題：當(dāng) be known 和 do sth的發(fā)生的時(shí)間一