【正文】 中文 9980字 畢業(yè)論文 外文文獻及譯文 專 業(yè)： 政治學(xué)與行政學(xué) 外文文獻 The impact of land transfer on peasant stratification An analysis based on a survey of Jingshan country, Hubei province Abstract: Peasants’ motivation and purpose for transferring land vary from time to time. Based on a survey of 10 villages in Jingshan county, Hunan province, this article finds that the specificforms of rural land transfer include active longterm transfer, passive longterm transfer and shortterm transfer. Land transfer has an important impact on the stratification of the peasantry. Present institutional arrangements for land ignore the legitimate interests of migrant families and poor and weak villagers and therefore they hold different attitudes toward land tenure institutions than middle peasants do. Based on the conclusions of an empirical analysis, this article puts forward a series of policy remendations aimed at protecting the land rights of poor and weak peasant households. Keywords: land transfer, stratum, peasant stratification, land tenure arrangement Land transfer is the focus of current debates on the institutional change of land. Many scholarshave conducted research on the forms, causes and implications of land transfer and havee upwith measures and countermeasures to standardize the transfer of land. Special attention has beenpaid to the role of land transfer in agrarian restructuring, industrialization, moderatescale operation, rural labor transfer and peasant ine enhancement. However, such studies rarely involve land’s impact on changes in the hierarchical structure of current rural China. Chen Chengwen and Luo Zhongyong (2021) focus on dissecting the overall rural structure and examining the role of land transfer in reconstructing the rural social structure. Some scholars argue that deregulating the transfer of land will lead to polarization among the peasantry (Wen Tiejun, 2021。 Li Changping, 2021), but such an argument is merely a macrojudgment without factual support at the micro level. China is a huge country with uneven development in rural areas。 peasant stratification is anything but a strange phenomenon. Therefore, we shall pay more attention to observing the stratification of the peasantry at the micro level. In classical Marxist theory, the institutional conditions of land are an important basis of class and stratification. In the 1930s, Chen Hansheng, et al, proceeded with an observation of the land tenure institutions and scientifically substantiated the feudal factordriven class relations in rural China and the semicolonial and semifeudal nature of rural Chinese society. In times of revolution, Mao Zedong (1982, 1991) also singled out the institutional conditions of land as an important basis of class and stratification. He played a crucial role in understanding Chinese class conditions at that time and justifying the necessity of launching a land revolution. After land reform was launched in the People’s Republic of China, land no longer exerted a significant impact on rural class stratification and hence scholars discussed the rural class structure mainly based on occupational stratification (Lu Xueyi, 2021). After the agricultural tax was abolished, farming generated a handsome ine for peasants and the impact of land transfer on rural social stratification and peasant stratification became increasingly pronounced. In September 2021, we 2 conducted a survey of 10 villages in two township jurisdictions of Jingshan county, Hubei province. Based on the qualitative interview and quantitative statistics, this article attempts to discuss the impact of land transfer on the stratification of the peasantry. I. The plex reality of land transfer After introducing the household contract responsibility system, the ruling Communist Party and government have enacted a series of policies aimed at permitting and encouraging the transfer of land use rights within the term of contract while stabilizing rural land contract relations. The central government has always intended to realize the transfer of land tenure rights according to law and on a voluntary and pensatory basis and to effectively protect the rights and interests of peasants. The reality is, however, very plicated. The motivation, purpose and method of rural land transfer vary from time to time. The actual conditions also vary across rural China. In Jingshan county, land transfer has gone through three different stages: The first stage began in the 1980s. During this period, peasants transferred land before seeking jobs or doing business in cities. The transition to a market economy started early in Jingshan and as a result, land transfer took place earlier here than elsewhere in rural areas of central and western China. The second stage started in the late 1980s. At this stage, peasant burden became increasingly cumbersome. Many peasants were unable to bear the burden of the new levies and as a result, they had no alternative but to transfer or abandon their farmland and search for jobs in urban areas. The abandoned land was transferred under the stewardship of village collectives or mittees. This was a prevalent phenomenon during the period from the 1990s until 2021, the year in which the agricultural tax was repealed. The third stage began in 2021. After abolishing the agricultural tax in 2021, the state no longer levied fees on peasants and instead offered them various subsidies. Farming gradually became lucrative and the onceabandoned land suddenly became soughtafter. In addition, there were dramatic changes in the mode and state of land transfer. On one hand, peasants were less willing to transfer land, and the proportion of land transferred was in decline. On the other hand, some pea