【正文】
嚴肅、權威等文體特征。下表中的詞語均是約定俗成的特殊用語。一個簡單的理解方法(fāngfǎ)是:here代表this,there代表that,where代表what/which。比方: 7) We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data has been supplies herein, and that we agree to show you documentary proof upon your request. 從語法的角度分析,本句中hereby的語法功能為副詞,在這句中是強調所說明、證明的內容,因此可譯為“特此〞。,16,第十六頁,共九十五頁。,一、用詞專業(yè),具有(j249。yǒu)法律意味〔professional or legal〕 〔三〕注意一些以here、there或where等作前綴的副詞。,除了語法分析法之外,還可以運用奈達的動態(tài)等值理論,將前后語篇綜合起來考慮,并尋求適宜的、最對等的詞意,用舊體詞來保持商務合同的莊重、嚴肅的文體風格,比方(bǐ fɑng): 8) The undersigned hereby certify that the goods to be supplied are made in USA.〔以下簽署人茲保證所供給之貨物系在美國國內制造?!?9) The titles to the articles are for convenience of reference only, not part of this contract and shall not in any way effect the interpretation thereof. 在前一句中,“hereby〞一詞翻譯成了“茲〞,這是一個經常在中文商務合同中使用的詞,符合法律文書的文體特征。另外兩個舊體詞“之〞和“系〞顯示合同翻譯風格正式而緊湊的典型特點;在后一個例子中,根據上下文來看,“thereof〞一詞的意思是“of the said contract〞,譯為“本合同的〞。此句中的“thereof〞相當于“of that〞,然而,奈達的動態(tài)等值理論的原那么是用最適宜的對等詞來表達源出語的意義,所以“that〞可以用“the said contract〞來代替。如將“the said contract〞綜合全句來看,那么其最對等的譯文為“上述內容〞。,17,第十七頁,共九十五頁。,第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯特點 及翻譯(fāny236。)要點,一、用詞專業(yè),具有法律意味〔professional or legal〕 〔四〕注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞語的法律內涵 May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等詞確實很常見,但是在合同中這些詞具有特殊的意義,所以翻譯起來要極其慎重,防止引起糾紛。 a. May:在表示合同上的權利〔Right〕、權限〔Power〕或特權〔Privilege〕的場合中使用。假設表示某種權利在法律上具有強迫性的時候,更多的是“be entitled〞。 b. Shall:在合同中并不是單純的將來時,一般用它來表示法律上可以強迫執(zhí)行的義務〔Obligation〕。如未履行,即視為違約,并構成某種賠償(p233。ich225。ng)責任。所以,shall在譯文里,通常表示“應該〞或“必須〞,當然,也有不翻譯的時候。例如:,18,第十八頁,共九十五頁。,10) The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People39。s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 〔雙方首先(shǒuxiān)應通過友好協(xié)商,解決因合同而發(fā)生的或與合同有關的爭議。假設協(xié)商未果,合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發(fā)生后未就仲裁達成協(xié)議的,可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決?!?上句中的shall 和may表達準確。出現爭議后應領先行協(xié)商,所以采用了義務性“約定〞〔shall〕,假設協(xié)商解決不了,作為當事人的權利,那么用選擇性“約定〞〔may〕。,19,第十九頁,共九十五頁。,11〕The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the eximporters in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides. 〔貨物(hu242。w249。)的質量和價格必須使進出口雙方都能承受?!?12〕The formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the People’s Republic of China.〔本合同的訂立、效力、解釋、履行和爭議的解決均受中華人民共和國法律的管轄。shall沒有譯出?!?20,第二十頁,共九十五頁。,c. Should:在合同中通常只用來表示(biǎosh236。)語氣較弱的假設,多翻譯成“萬一〞或“假設〞,極少譯成“應該〞。 13〕The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the viceChairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting. 〔董事會會議應由董事長召集、主持;假設董事長缺席,原那么上應由副董事長召集、主持?!?21,第二十一頁,共九十五頁。,d. Will:一般使用在沒有法律強迫的情況下,也用做表示承擔義務的聲明,但語氣(yǔq236。)和強迫力比Shall弱。 e. May not〔或shall not〕:用于制止性義務,即“不得做什么〞。,22,第二十二頁,共九十五頁。,第二節(jié) 合同(h233。 tong)英語的詞匯特點 及翻譯要點,二、用詞正式、準確(zhǔnqu232。)〔formal and accurate〕 具有法律效力的商務合同用詞都很正式、標準,防止口語化。如: The Licensee will notify the Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate。 顯然, 該句中的notify、assist、deem比同義詞inform、help、think更為正式。假設句中接連出現這類詞語,其風格自然顯得鄭重、嚴肅具有濃重的正式文體色彩。 再比方:The term “Effective date〞 means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto。 該句中的execute較sign正式。,23,第二十三頁,共九十五頁。,第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯特點(t232。diǎn) 及翻譯要點,二、用詞正式、準確〔formal and accurate〕 〔一〕注意介詞或介詞短語的翻譯 14〕The participants in the Joint Venture shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension, they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period. 〔就本合資企業(yè)的存續(xù)時限的延期問題,各方應進展討論;一旦各方就此達成一致,應形成書面協(xié)議,由各方在本合同期限到期(d224。o qī)之前的三年內簽字生效?!?本句中用with regard to,in the event of和prior to分別代替about,in case of和before。當然,商務英語詞語選擇中的正式性與非正式性是相對而言的,且無優(yōu)劣之分,一切需視詳細的使用場合而定。,24,第二十四頁,共九十五頁。,15〕These articles shall apply to documentary credits, including stand by letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto. 〔本條文適用于一切跟單信譽證,并包括在其適用范圍內的備用(b232。iy242。ng)信譽證,對合同各有關方面均具有約束力,除非另有約定?!?本句中的unless otherwise比if not和 otherwise表達正式。該詞由兩個同義詞 unless和otherwise組成,otherwise有代詞作用,后面一般跟動詞的過去分詞限定,意為“除非另……〞;再如“unless otherwise specified in the Contract / the Letter of Credit〞, 即可譯為“除非合同/信譽證另有規(guī)定〞。,25,第二十五頁,共九十五頁。,16〕On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract. 〔按照FOB條件,由買方負責根據合同規(guī)定的裝運日期(r236。qī)洽定艙位?!?同under、pursuant to一樣,上例中的in accordance with是法律文件中常用的詞匯,均作“根據〞、“按照〞解,比according to正式。,26,第二十六頁,共九十五頁。,第二節(jié) 合同英語的詞匯(c237。hu236。)特點 及翻譯要點,二、用詞正式、準確〔formal and accurate〕 〔二〕注意詞語并列的現象〔juxtaposition〕 國際商務合同力求正式而準確,防止可能出現(chūxi224。n)的誤解或分歧,所以同義詞〔近義詞〕并列的現象非常普遍。有時候是出于嚴謹和杜絕破綻的考慮,有時候也屬于合同用語的固定形式。比方,terms在合同中一般指付款或費用〔手續(xù)費、傭金等有關金錢的〕條件,而conditions那么指其它條件,但是“terms and conditions〞常常作為固定形式在合同中出現(chūxi224。n),就不宜分譯成“條件和條款〞,而直接合譯成“條款〞。再如:,27,第二十七頁,共九十五頁。,17〕This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B。 18〕The amendments to or alteration of this contract become effect only after they are signed by parties hereto and approved by the original approving authorities. 19〕If the contract shall duly perform and observe all terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said contract, the otherwise shall be remain in full force and effect.,28,第二十八頁,共九十五頁。,對于合同中出現的同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的并列現象,翻譯時應仔細考慮單詞的內涵、合同文體以及句法要求等相關因素。這里可以利用尤金奈達的“動態(tài)對等理論〞。所謂動態(tài)對等,就是譯文與原文在效果〔或功能〕上到達對等,即譯文讀者的理解與感受與原文讀者的理解與感受根本一致〔與動態(tài)對等相對的是形式對等,即強調語言形式的對應〕。 在以上三句中,“made and entered into〞、“amendments to and alteration of 〞、“terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations〞、“force and effect〞是幾組同義詞。根據動態(tài)對等的譯法,它們的譯文分別是“簽訂〞、“修改〞、“各項規(guī)定