【正文】 For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question what is at the bottom of the oceans had to be answered with any mercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later , some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition, which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a fivevolume report, the last volume being published in 1895. proposal to lay a telegraph cable from Europe to America made oceanographic studies take on ______. A) an academic aspect B) a military aspect C) a business aspect D) an international aspect 正確答案是 12. It was ______ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies. A) the American Navy B) some early intercontinental travelers C) those who earned a living from the sea D) the pany which proposed to lay an undersea cable 正確答案是 aim of the voyages Maury was responsible for in the 1840 was ______. A) to make some sounding experiments in the oceans B) to collect samples of sea plants and animals C) to estimate the length of cable that was needed D) to measure the depths of the two oceans 正確答案是 14. Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means ______. A) doubted B) gave proof to C) challenged D) agreed to 正確答案是 passage is mainly about ______. A) the beginnings of oceanography B) the laying of the first undersea cable C) the investigation of ocean depths D) the early intercontinental munications 正確答案是 Passage 4 Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may yet result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. These elements are called 39。vitamins39。. Quite a number of such substances are known and they are given letters to identify them, A, B, C, D, and so on. Different diseases are associated with deficiencies of particular vitamins. The vitamins necessary for a healthy body are normally supplied by a good mixed diet, including a variety of fruit and green vegetables. It is only when people try to live on a very restricted diet, say during extended periods of religious fasting, or when trying to lose weight, that it is necessary to make special provision to supply the missing vitamins. One example of the dangers of a restricted diet may be seen in the disease known as beriberi, which used to afflict large numbers of Eastern peoples who lived mainly on rice. In the early years of this century, a Dutch scientist called Eijkman was trying to discover the cause of beriberi. At first he thought it was transmitted by a germ. He was working in a Japanese hospital, where the patients were fed on rice which had had the outer husk removed from the grain. It was thought this would be easier for weak, sick people to digest. Eijkman thought his germ theory was confirmed when he noticed, the chickens in the hospital yard, which were fed on scraps from the patients39。 plates, were also showing signs of the disease. He then tried to isolate the germ he thought ,was causing the disease, but his experiments were interrupted by a hospital official, who claimed that the huskless rice, even though left over by the patients, was too good for chickens. It should be recooked and the chickens fed on cheap, coarse rice with the outer covering still on the grain. Eijkman noticed that the chickens began to recover on the new diet. He began to consider the possibility that eating unmilled rice somehow prevented or cured beriberi even that a lack of some ingredient in the husk might be the cause of the disease. Indeed this was the case. The element needed to prevent beriberi was shortly afterwards isolated from rice husks and is now known as vitamin B. The milled rice, though more expensive, was in fact perpetuating the disease the hospital was trying to cure. Nowadays, this terrible disease is much less mon thanks to our knowledge of vitamins. 16. Deficiencies of the various vitamins ______. A) cause identical diseases B) are not serious except in the case of vitamin C C) cause different diseases D) are often caused by scurvy 正確答案是 17. Fresh fruit and vegetables ______. A) contain more vitamin C than any other food B) decrease our resistance to colds C) contain every kind of vitamin D) increase our susceptibility to influenza 正確答案是 18. The disease 39。beriberi39。 ______. A) kills a large number of western people B) is a vitamin deficiency disease C) is transmitted by diseased rice D) can be caught from diseased chickens 正確答案是 19. The chickens Eijkman noticed in the hospital yard ______. A) couldn39。t digest the huskless rice B) proved beriberi is transmitted by germs C) were later cooked for the patients39。 food D) were suffering from vitamin deficiency 正確答案是