【正文】 to predict costs (., price per square foot)? Bottomup estimating – Estimating the cost of individual work items and then rolling up the costs to arrive at a project total? Computerized tools – PM software and spreadsheetsCost Estimating714Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Outputs? Cost estimates – Quantitative assessments of the cost of resources (., units of currency or staff hours) ? Types of estimates– Order of magnitude (25% / +75%)– Budget estimate (10% / +25%)– Definitive estimate (5% / +10%)? Supporting detail– Description of estimated scope of work– Documentation of the basis for the estimate– Documentation of any assumptions made– Range of possible results Cost Estimating715Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Outputs (cont.)? Cost management plan– Describes how cost variances will be managed– Part of the overall project planCost Estimating716Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Cost BudgetingAllocating the overall cost estimate to individual activities or work packages, in order to establish a cost baseline for measuring project performance717Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Cost BudgetingInputs ? Cost estimates? WBS? Project schedule? Risk management planTools Techniques? Costbudgetingtools and techniquesOutputs? Cost baseline718Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Inputs? Cost estimates ? WBS – Identifies the project elements to which the costs will be allocated? Project schedule – Used to assign costs to project elements for the time period when costs will be incurred? Risk management plan – Often includes cost contingency, which can be determined on the basis of the expected accuracy of the estimateCost Budgeting719Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Tools Techniques? Cost budgeting tools and techniques–Analogous estimating–Parametric modeling–Bottomup estimating–Computerized toolsCost Budgeting720Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. OutputsCost baseline – Time phased budget that will be used to measure and monitor the cost performance of the projectCost Budgeting721Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Cost Control? Includes:– Monitoring cost performance to detect variances from the plan– Ensuring that all appropriate changes are recorded– Preventing incorrect, inappropriate, or unauthorized changes– Informing the appropriate stakeholders of authorized changes– Analyzing positive and negative variances and how they affect the other control processes? Influencing the factors that create changes to the cost baseline to ensure that changes are agreed upon? Determining that the cost baseline has changed? Managing the actual changes when and as they occur722Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Cost ControlInputs ? Cost baseline? Performance reports? Change requests? Cost management planTools Techniques? Cost change control system? Performance measurement? EVM? Additional planning? Computerized toolsOutputs? Revised cost estimates? Budget updates? Corrective action? Estimate at pletion? Project closeout? Lessons learned723Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Inputs? Cost baseline? Performance reports – Information on cost performance? Change requests – Oral or written requests to change the budget? Cost management planCost Control724Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Tools Techniques? Cost change control system – Procedures used for making changes to the cost baseline– Paperwork– Tracking system– Approval levels? Performance measurement – Assessment of the magnitude of any variation, the cause of the variance, and the corrective action neededCost Control725Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Tools Techniques (cont.)? Additional planning – Changes may require new or revised cost estimates or an analysis of alternative approaches? Computerized tools – Used for tracking the value of planned costs pared to actual costs and for predicting the effects of cost changes? Earned Value Management – Continuously measuring project performance by relating the planned value, the earned value for work acplished, and the actual costs incurredCost Control726Source: pmbok guide 2023 169。 2023 RobbinsGioia, Inc. Outputs? Revised cost estimates? Budget updates? Corrective action? Estimate at pletion – Forecast of most likely total project costs based on project performance and risk quantification? Project closeout – Processes and procedures for closing or ending a project? Lessons learned – Documented causes of variancesCost Control727Source: pmbok g