【正文】 he temperature will rise to 70 degrees . . . 如果供暖系統(tǒng)被調(diào)整為允許華氏 2 176。 的誤差時(shí)，當(dāng)溫度計(jì)設(shè)定在華氏 68176。時(shí)，實(shí)際溫度會(huì)上升到華氏 70176。 … Thermostat Feedback Example Room Temperature Rises to 700 房間溫度上升到 70176。 Furnace Turns Off 爐子關(guān)閉 . . . before a temperature sensor in the thermostat triggers the furnace to turn off. 這時(shí)候，溫度計(jì)中的感應(yīng)器才會(huì)把爐子關(guān)閉。 Thermostat Feedback Example, cont. Room Temperature Rises to 700 房間溫度上升到華氏 70176。 Room Temperature Falls to 660 房間溫度下降到華氏 66176。 Furnace Turns Off 爐子關(guān)閉 The furnace will remain off until the temperature of the room has fallen to 66 degrees . . . 爐子會(huì)一直關(guān)閉直到房間溫度低于 66176。 … Thermostat Feedback Example, cont. Furnace Turns On 開 Room Temperature Rises to 700 到華氏 70176。 Furnace Turns Off 關(guān) Room Temperature Falls to 660 低于華氏 66176。 . . . then the sensor in the thermostat triggers the furnace to turn on again. … 然后感應(yīng)器會(huì)再次啟動(dòng)爐子 Thermostat Feedback Example, cont. Self Regulating System 自我調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng) The sensor provides a feedback loop of information that allows the system to detect a difference from the desired temperature of 68 degrees and to make a change to correct the error. As with the antiaircraft gun and the airplane, this system – consisting of the thermostat, the heater and the room – is said to regulate itself through feedback and is a selfregulating system. 感應(yīng)器提供了一個(gè)信息反饋環(huán)，使得系統(tǒng)能夠發(fā)覺(jué)到房間溫度與 68176。 的理想溫度之間的差異，從而做出變動(dòng)來(lái)改正錯(cuò)誤。與高射炮與飛機(jī)一樣，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)包括了溫度調(diào)節(jié)計(jì)、供暖器與房間，被認(rèn)為能夠通過(guò)反饋來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)自身，是一個(gè)自我調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。 Self Regulating System The human body is one of the richest sources of examples of feedback that leads to the regulation of a system. For example, when your stomach is empty, information is passed to your brain. 人類的身體是一個(gè)具有豐富的反饋系統(tǒng)的例子，能夠調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。例如，你的胃空了的時(shí)候，信息被傳遞到你的大腦。 Human Body – Feedback Leading to System Regulation When you have taken corrective action, by eating, your brain is similarly notified that your stomach is satisfied. 當(dāng)你吃了東西，也就是做了正確的糾錯(cuò)動(dòng)作之后，你的大腦就類似于被通知說(shuō)，你的胃已經(jīng)滿意了。 Feedback – Corrective Action Time 時(shí)間 Stomach Feels Empty 胃空了 Person Eats 吃 Stomach Feels Full 飽了 In a few hours, the process starts all over again. This feedback loop continues throughout our lives. 幾個(gè)小時(shí)后，這個(gè)過(guò)程會(huì)再次開始。這個(gè)反饋環(huán)貫穿我們一生。 Feedback – Hunger Example The human body is such a marvel of selfregulation that early cybericians studied its processes and used it as a model to design machines that were selfregulating. One famous machine called the homeostat was constructed in the 1940s by a British scientist, Ross Ashby. 人類的身體是如此驚奇的一個(gè)自我調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)，早期的事理學(xué)家們研究其過(guò)程并將其作為設(shè)計(jì)自我調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)器的模型。內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)模擬器是一個(gè)非常有名的機(jī)器，是1940年代由英國(guó)的一個(gè)科學(xué)家叫做 Ross Ashby的發(fā)明的。 Human Body and Cyberics Studies Just as the human body maintains a degree temperature the homeostat could maintain the same electrical current, despite changes from the outside. 就像人體保持華氏 176。 的體溫一樣，內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)模擬器能夠不受外界的影響而維持同樣的電流。 Homeostat Homeostasis 內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài) The homeostat, the human being, and the thermostat all are said to maintain homeostasis or equilibrium, through feedback loops of various kinds. It does not matter how the information is carried – just that the regulator is informed of some change which calls for some kind of adaptive behavior. 內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)模擬器，人類，還有溫度計(jì)都是通過(guò)各種不同的反饋環(huán)在保持一個(gè)內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)或者平衡。信息怎么運(yùn)載的并不重要，不過(guò)是調(diào)節(jié)器被通知有一些變化，需要做一些調(diào)整行為。 Another scientist, Grey Walter, also pursued the concept of imitating the selfregulating features of man and animals. 另外一個(gè)科學(xué)家， Grey Walter，也研究了模擬人與動(dòng)物的自我調(diào)節(jié)的概念。 Grey Walter – Self Regulating Man and Animals His favorite project was building mechanical 39。tortoises39。 that would, like this live tortoise, move about freely and have certain attributes of an independent life. 他最鐘愛(ài)的項(xiàng)目就是制造機(jī)器 ”烏龜“，它可以像這個(gè)活的真烏龜一樣可以自由走動(dòng)，并且具有一個(gè)獨(dú)立生命體的某些特征。 Grey Walter – Mechanical Tortoises Walter is pictured here with his wife Vivian, their son Timothy, and Elsie the tortoise. Elsie has much in mon with Timothy. Just as Timothy seeks out food, which is stored in his body in the form of fat, Elsie seeks out light which she 39。feeds39。 on and transforms into electrical energy which charges an accumulator inside her. Then she39。s ready for a nap, just like Timothy after a meal, in an area of soft light. 這是 Walter與他妻子及兒子 Timothy的照片，還有那個(gè)機(jī)器烏龜 Elsie。 Elsie與 Timothy有許多相似之處。正如 Timothy會(huì)尋找食物，然后在身體里以脂肪的形式儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)，Elsie會(huì)尋找光，并將光轉(zhuǎn)換成電能儲(chǔ)存在身體的蓄電池中。然后就像 Timothy吃飯后要小憩一樣， Elsie也會(huì)在柔和的光亮處休息一會(huì)兒。 Grey Walter and Family Although Elsie39。s behavior imitates that of a human, her anatomy is very different. This is what Elsie looks like underneath her shell. 盡管 Elsie的行為是模擬人類的，她的構(gòu)造可完全不一樣。左圖的照片就是殼子下面她的構(gòu)造。 The Anatomy of Elsie She looks a lot more like the inside of a transistor radio than . . . 她更像是一個(gè)晶體管收音機(jī)的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造 … Simulating a Human’s Function . . . the inside of a human body. But as a cyberician, Walter was not interested in imitating the physical form of a human being, but in simulating a human39。s functions. 而不像一個(gè)人。但是作為一個(gè)事理學(xué)家， Walter的興趣并不在于模擬人類的身體形式，而是要模擬人類的功能。 Simulating a Human’s Function “ What Is This Thing?” 這個(gè)東西是什么？ “ What Does it Do?” 它是做什么的？ Cyberics does not ask . . . 事理學(xué)家詢問(wèn)的不是 … . . . but . . . … 而是 … Not What Is, but What Does it Do? Grey Walter did not attempt to simulate the physical form of a human, as does a sculptor, but to simulate human functions. Grey Walter并不想像雕塑家一樣去模擬人的身體形態(tài)，而是要模仿人的行為功能。 Simulating Human Functions Not as Objects, 并不是一個(gè)物體 Processes 一個(gè)過(guò)程 In other words, he viewed humans . . 換句話說(shuō)，他看人體 …. . . . but as . . . 而是 … Not Objects, but Processes For centuries, people have designed machines to help with human tasks and not just tasks requiring muscle power. 幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人類設(shè)計(jì)了幫助人們完成任務(wù)的機(jī)器，這些任務(wù)并不僅僅是用肌肉力量就可以完成的。 圖為音樂(lè)木偶（像八音盒那樣的機(jī)器）。 Designs to Help with Human T