【正文】 Finally by the 19th century the language was settled. At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language. The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia. For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. during that time English became the language for government and education. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.STANDARD ENGLISH AND DIALECTSWhat is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is called a dialect. American English has many dialects, especially the Midwestern, southern, African American and Spanish dialects. Even in some parts of the USA, two people from neighbouring towns speak a little differently. American English has so many dialects because people have e from all over the world. Geography also plays a part in making dialects. Some people who live in the mountains of the eastern USA speak with an older kind of English dialect. When Americans moved from one place to another, they took their dialects with them. So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialects as people in the northwestern USA. The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken. Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARYYou may think that English dictionaries have been used for many, many centuries. The spelling of English has always been a problem but it was more of a problem in the days before a dictionary. Then people could spell word in different ways which you might find it interesting. But it made reading English much more difficult. So dictionaries were invented to encourage everybody to spell the same. In fact, an English dictionary like the kind you use today wasn’t made第一章 總 論一、項(xiàng)目概況（一）項(xiàng)目名稱年產(chǎn)300t辣紅素生產(chǎn)線項(xiàng)目（二）項(xiàng)目性質(zhì)新建項(xiàng)目（三）建設(shè)地點(diǎn)劍閣縣白龍鎮(zhèn)春風(fēng)壩（四）建設(shè)單位劍閣縣白龍鎮(zhèn)趙家灣機(jī)磚廠（五）建設(shè)規(guī)模、內(nèi)容及產(chǎn)品方案建設(shè)規(guī)模本項(xiàng)目為建設(shè)8萬畝辣椒種植基地，對辣椒進(jìn)行深加工，采用CO2萃取工藝技術(shù)，建設(shè)一條辣紅素生產(chǎn)線，使其年產(chǎn)辣紅素達(dá)到300t的生產(chǎn)能力。建設(shè)內(nèi)容從辣椒種植基地到原材料深加工生產(chǎn)線，以及副產(chǎn)品加工生產(chǎn)線，包括生產(chǎn)設(shè)施、辦公設(shè)施、生活設(shè)施等。（1）以劍閣縣白龍鎮(zhèn)為中心的18個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，從辣椒育種、栽培、田間管理、技術(shù)服務(wù)、收購等內(nèi)容的優(yōu)質(zhì)辣椒產(chǎn)前、產(chǎn)中、產(chǎn)后種植基地，建成種植面積達(dá)到8萬畝。（2）擬征地50畝，購置安裝先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)工藝設(shè)備臺(tái)，建筑構(gòu)物12530m2，按照良好的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)規(guī)范（CMP）、危害分析與關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)控制（HWCCP）和ISO900族系列質(zhì)量管理與控制體系，建成年產(chǎn)300t辣紅素生產(chǎn)線。產(chǎn)品方案本項(xiàng)目的主產(chǎn)品為辣紅素，副產(chǎn)品為辣椒粉粕、辣椒籽、辣椒醬。產(chǎn)品方案如下：序號品 名單位產(chǎn)量備注1辣紅素t3002辣椒粉粕t150003辣椒籽t5004辣椒醬t20000二、企業(yè)概況劍閣縣白龍鎮(zhèn)趙家灣機(jī)磚廠建于2000年，企業(yè)占地20畝，現(xiàn)有資產(chǎn)總額700萬元，其中固定資產(chǎn)400萬元，員工人數(shù)60人，主要從事頁巖磚生產(chǎn)，年產(chǎn)頁巖磚達(dá)到1000萬塊的生產(chǎn)能力。2006年，實(shí)現(xiàn)銷售收入450萬元，利潤120萬元，稅金40萬元。企業(yè)必須做強(qiáng)做大，才能在激烈的市場競爭中處于不敗之地。劍閣縣白龍鎮(zhèn)趙家灣機(jī)磚廠為不斷壯大自身實(shí)力，提高管理水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)上檔升級，必須擴(kuò)大規(guī)模，拓寬發(fā)展空間，實(shí)現(xiàn)多種經(jīng)營。企業(yè)結(jié)合劍閣縣情，根據(jù)國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，決定利用劍閣辣椒優(yōu)勢資源，投資辣椒深加工項(xiàng)目建設(shè)。三、項(xiàng)目背景（一）產(chǎn)業(yè)背景辣椒是我國的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，改革開放以來，隨著市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的推進(jìn)，我國辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)每年以7%的速度迅速發(fā)展。近二十年來，辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)從我國的西南、中南地區(qū)崛起，擴(kuò)大到華北、東北、西北地區(qū)新興產(chǎn)地。種植面積分布在全國28個(gè)省份，形成了以貴州、湖南、江西、云南、四川、陜西、河北、河南、吉林等16個(gè)省區(qū)的重點(diǎn)辣椒產(chǎn)區(qū)和以貴州蝦子鎮(zhèn)、云南稼依鎮(zhèn)、河北雞澤、山東武城、吉林洮南等為代表的區(qū)域性辣椒集散地。全國產(chǎn)生了一批有影響力的區(qū)域品牌產(chǎn)品，一些大的龍頭企業(yè)相繼誕生，提高了辣椒粗加工、深加工產(chǎn)品比重，并得到了科研單位、大專院校的科技支持，增加了產(chǎn)品科技含量。如：貴陽南明的“老干媽”、“王守義十三香”、湖南的“辣之源”、“辣妹子”、山東的“沂蒙小炒”等產(chǎn)品；河北晨光公司、湖南隆平紅安種業(yè)、吉林洮南金塔集團(tuán)和愛迪爾公司。這些品牌產(chǎn)品和龍頭企業(yè)的成長，沖擊了辣椒傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)與分散經(jīng)營方式，正在改變著我國辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)業(yè)格局，促進(jìn)了辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，目前全國辣椒播種面積130萬公頃，產(chǎn)量2700萬t，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)值270億元。我國不僅是辣椒種植大國，也是辣椒消費(fèi)、出口大國。目前我國有5億人口消費(fèi)辣椒，占全國人口的40%，已成為居全球之首的辣椒生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)大國。同時(shí)，辣椒產(chǎn)品的出口也在不斷增長，韓國、日本、墨西哥、澳大利亞、美國、東南亞等已經(jīng)成為我國辣椒的常年進(jìn)口國，僅墨西哥進(jìn)口辣椒就有三分之一來自中國，日本進(jìn)口辣椒90%來自中國。近年來，國際市場對我國辣椒需求增加，國家實(shí)施了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化、免除農(nóng)業(yè)稅、建設(shè)新農(nóng)村等一系列降低農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)成本、加大國家農(nóng)業(yè)投入的產(chǎn)業(yè)方針與政策，全國辣椒總體產(chǎn)量有所增加，市場價(jià)格持續(xù)上揚(yáng)。良好的市場態(tài)勢為辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)提供了更大的市場空間，國內(nèi)安定的政治環(huán)境為辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)提供了新的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。但是，我國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工程度與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，差距很大，發(fā)達(dá)國家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工率達(dá)到90%，我國只有45%；發(fā)達(dá)國深加工率占80%，我國只有30%。發(fā)達(dá)國家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工產(chǎn)值與農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值之比為2～4：1，：1。為此，國家鼓勵(lì)大力發(fā)展優(yōu)勢農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品，重點(diǎn)發(fā)展深精加工，增加農(nóng)民收入，提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品附加值，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)由初級加工向精加工轉(zhuǎn)變、由數(shù)量增長向質(zhì)量、效益增長。我國辣椒總體加工率不高，低于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工率水平，存在著重種植，輕加工。大力發(fā)展辣椒精深加工，延伸產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，才能縮小與發(fā)達(dá)國家之間的差距。（二）項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的必要性劍閣耕地面積大，土地肥沃，生態(tài)與環(huán)境條件得天獨(dú)厚，氣候、土壤條件，適宜種植辣椒。農(nóng)民種植辣椒歷史悠久，種植技術(shù)嫻熟、經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富。全縣常年種植面積2萬畝，年產(chǎn)鮮辣椒4萬t。 2007年，全縣種植辣椒面積達(dá)到3萬畝，鮮產(chǎn)量達(dá)到6萬t。全縣規(guī)模種植辣椒，推廣到31個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)。全縣建立了500畝以上的專業(yè)村5個(gè)，300畝的專業(yè)村40個(gè)，種植1畝以上的農(nóng)戶有5115戶。主要品種是二荊條、劍辣一號、鑫茂1號等。全縣從事辣椒粗加工的企業(yè)不到5戶。而加工的產(chǎn)品僅僅是辣醬、泡辣椒，產(chǎn)品品種單一，產(chǎn)量小，加工程度低，產(chǎn)品附加值小。除部分辣椒農(nóng)民自家消費(fèi)外，其余大部分辣椒由個(gè)體或企業(yè)收購后，賣給成都一帶的企業(yè)加工。實(shí)際上劍閣辣椒是以原料的形式向外地供給，成了其它市、縣的原料生產(chǎn)基地。劍閣本縣辣椒加工率不到3%，精加工率為0，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后國家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工率水平。大力發(fā)展辣椒加工，提高辣椒深精加工水平，勢在必行。劍閣的小小辣椒，完全可以做出大文章。通過政府引導(dǎo)，企業(yè)主導(dǎo)，農(nóng)民專業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織協(xié)調(diào)，農(nóng)民自愿參與的形式，調(diào)整農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，改造傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)，建立生產(chǎn)辣椒基地，充分利用優(yōu)勢資源，大力發(fā)展辣椒加工，延伸辣椒加工產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條，提高辣椒工加深、精度，提高產(chǎn)品附加值，才能促進(jìn)農(nóng)民增收致富，帶動(dòng)農(nóng)村剩余勞動(dòng)力的轉(zhuǎn)移，做大做強(qiáng)劍閣辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)“二產(chǎn)超一產(chǎn)”，“工業(yè)超農(nóng)業(yè)”，加快工業(yè)強(qiáng)縣、農(nóng)業(yè)工業(yè)化進(jìn)程。四、可行性研究的依據(jù)《農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開發(fā)項(xiàng)目可行性研究報(bào)告編制大綱》《建設(shè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)濟(jì)評價(jià)方法與參數(shù)》（第三版）《產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整指導(dǎo)目錄》（2005年本及2007年征求意見本）《農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工“十一五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》《食品工業(yè)“十一五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》《2006年全國辣椒產(chǎn)業(yè)大會(huì)會(huì)議通報(bào)》四川省工業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組《關(guān)于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)整合與發(fā)展實(shí)施意見（20062010年）》《四川省食品工業(yè)“十一五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》《四川省工業(yè)“十一五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》四川省人民政府《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步加快發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)化經(jīng)營的實(shí)施意見》1《劍閣縣國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展“十一五”規(guī)劃綱要》1廣元市農(nóng)業(yè)局《廣元市優(yōu)勢農(nóng)產(chǎn)品區(qū)域布局規(guī)劃》1《劍閣縣農(nóng)業(yè)“十一五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》1《劍閣縣農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)域與產(chǎn)業(yè)化規(guī)劃》1《劍閣縣海椒產(chǎn)業(yè)“十一五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》五、主要建設(shè)條件（一）原村料辣椒本項(xiàng)目主要選擇優(yōu)質(zhì)加工型辣椒鑫茂13號，以白龍鎮(zhèn)為中心的18個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展辣椒種植，建成80000畝種植基地。2008年植面積達(dá)到20514畝，辣椒鮮產(chǎn)量為41029t，2009年植面積達(dá)到46223畝，辣椒鮮產(chǎn)量為70954t，2010年植面積達(dá)到81456畝，辣椒鮮產(chǎn)量為128711t。原煤我縣下寺鎮(zhèn)煤炭資源豐富，已探明煤炭儲(chǔ)存量在1000萬t以上，現(xiàn)有青林溝等三個(gè)礦井，年產(chǎn)煤炭達(dá)到30萬t以上。原煤灰份在20%28%內(nèi)，硫份≤1%，固定碳為51%56%，揮發(fā)份為30%36%，水份≤4%，發(fā)熱量在55006500大卡內(nèi)，煤質(zhì)發(fā)熱量好，化學(xué)成分穩(wěn)定。煤礦距項(xiàng)目建設(shè)地94公里，可用汽車直接運(yùn)到廠內(nèi)。煤炭儲(chǔ)量、質(zhì)量完全能夠滿足項(xiàng)目生產(chǎn)需要?；ぎa(chǎn)品項(xiàng)目所用食用用乙