【正文】 ight, other special effectstocreate, if you will, an early** production. The Eidophusikon was Loutherbourg39。s attempt to release painting from the constraints ofthe picture all, even the most action field exciting painting can represent only one moment in time。 and anyillusion of movement is gone after the first glance. But Loutherbourg, like othercontemporary painters, wanted toadd the dimension oftime to his paintings. You know, the popular thinking is that Loutherbourg was influenced by landscape painting. But whycan39。t we say that the Eidophusikon actually influenced the painters? At theveryleast we have to consider thatit wasmore ...it was more ofa mutual thing. We know,for example, that theimportant English landscape painter Thomas Gainsborough attended almost all of theyearly performances, and his laterpaintings are notable for their increased color and dynamic use of light. Loutherbourg39。s influence on the theater though, he was incredibly influential: the wayhe brought togetherdesign and lighting and sound as a 全國免費咨詢電話： 4000123267 unified feature ofthe stage,can easily be seen in English theater39。s subsequent emphasis on lighting and motion. Now,the Eidophusikon stage was actually a box: a fewmeters wide, a couple meters talland a couple meters is, theaction tookplace within thisbox. This was much smaller of course than the usual ,it also allowed Loutherbourg to concentrate the lighting to , the audience was in thedark, which wouldn39。t be a mon feature ofthe theater until a hundred show consisted of a series of scenes,for example,a view ofLondon from sunrise that changes as theday moves on。 mechanical figures, such as cattle, moved across the scene,and ships sailed along the what really got people was the attention to detail, much like his work in DruryLane. So, for example,he painted very realistic ships, and varied their size depending on theirdistance from the audience. Small boats moved more quickly across the foreground than larger ones did that were closer to the horizon. Othereffects, like waves, werealso veryconvincing. Theyreflected sunlight or moonlight depending on the time ofday or night. Even the colorschanged as theywould in nature. Sound and light were important in ** his productions realistic. Heused a greatnumber oflights, and he was able to change colors of light by using variously colored piecesof glass, to createeffectslike passing clouds that suddenly change in color. Furthermore,he used effects tomake patterns of shadow and light, rather than 全國免費咨詢電話： 4000123267 using the uniform lighting that was mon at thetime. And many of the sound effectshe pioneered are still in use today,like creating thunder by pulling on one of the cornersofa thin copper of his most popular sceneswas of a storm. And there is a storythat on one occasion, an actual storm passed over head during the some people wentoutside, and theyclaimed Loutherbourg39。s thunder wasactually better than the realthunder. TPO9_Listening_1_3 Listen to a part of lecturein an environmentalscience class. Lecturer:So since we39。rearound the topic ofglobal climate change and its effects,in Alaska, in the northern Arcticpart ofAlaska, over the last thirtyyears or so, temperature has increased about half a degree Celsius per decade, and scientists have noticed that there39。vebeen changes in surface vegetation during this are increasing in the tundra. Tundra is flat land with verylittle a fewspecies of plants grow therebecause the temperature is verycold, and there39。snot much precipitation. And because of the cold temperatures, the tundra has two layers: top layer,which is called the active layer,is frozen in thewinter and spring, but thawsin the summer. Beneaththis active layer is the second layer called permafrost,which is frozenall year around, and is impermeable towater. Female Student: So because of thepermafrost, none ofthe plants that grow therecan have deep roots, can they? 全國免費咨詢電話： 4000123267 Lecturer:No, and that39。sone ofthe reasons that shrubs survive in the Arctic. Shrubs are little bushes. They39。renot talland being low in the ground protect them from the cold and wind. And their rootsdon39。t grow verydeep, so the permafrost doesn39。t interfere with their ? Now since the temperatureshave been increasing in Arctic Alaska, thegrowth ofshrubs has increased. And thisis presented toclimate scientists with a puzzle... Male Student: I39。m sorry,when you say the growth of shrubs has increased, do you mean the shrubs are bigger,or that thereare more shrubs? Lecturer:Good question! And the answer is both. The size ofthe shrubs has increased and shrub cover has spread towhat was previously shrubfree tundra. Ok, so what39。s thepuzzle?Warmer temperaturesshould lead to increased vegetation growth, right? Well,the connections are not so simple. The temp