【正文】 uld live on the moon for a few days in the future.真希望我們將來能在月球上住幾天。（將來的愿望在說話人看來很難實(shí)現(xiàn)）注意1. 如果wish是過去式(wished)，后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣形式不變，在譯為中文時(shí)，可以加上“當(dāng)時(shí)”、“那里”。例如：I wish I were young. 我真希望我還年輕。（愿望與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反）wish改為過去式后，其后的從句不變：I wished I were young. （當(dāng)時(shí)）我真希望我還年輕。（愿望與當(dāng)時(shí)的事實(shí)相反）注意2. 在動(dòng)詞hope后要用陳述語氣?！駃f only后的從句 if only表示“但愿”、“要是…就好了”、“（我）真希望…”。意義與用法和I wish基本相同。但更具有感情色彩。If only I had more time to think about it.但愿我有更多的時(shí)間考慮它。If only he would not eat so much sugar.要是他不吃那么多糖就好了。If only he had taken my advice years ago.要是幾年前他聽了我的勸告就好了?！駑ould rather, would sooner后的從句 would rather, would sooner的意思都是“寧愿”，其后的從句表示過去或現(xiàn)在沒發(fā)生的愿望，或者是在說話人看來將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。I would rather/sooner he had gone there too.我寧愿他也去那里。（過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望）I would rather/sooner the football match would take place tomorrow.我寧愿足球賽明天舉行。（說話人看來將來不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。）（2）as if (as though)as if 或 as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句有時(shí)要用虛擬語氣。表3. 方式狀語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞的形式用 法動(dòng)詞形式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反一般過去式表示與過去事實(shí)相反過去完成式表示與將來事實(shí)相反，或?qū)沓蔀槭聦?shí)的可能性不大過去將來式（見表1）的條件狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞形式基本相同。，如果詞語動(dòng)詞是be，則一切人稱均可用were。但單數(shù)第一、三人稱也可用was。例如：He talk as if he knew all about.他談起來好像全知道似的。（與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，實(shí)際上他并不知道）looked as if she were made of ice.她看起來似乎是冰做的。（現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，她并不是用冰做的）I feel as if we had known each other for years.我感到好像我們已經(jīng)相識多年似的。（與過去事實(shí)相反，我們沒有相識多年）It seemed as if the meeting would never end.看起來會(huì)議不會(huì)結(jié)束了。（與將來事實(shí)相反，實(shí)際上會(huì)議還是會(huì)結(jié)束的）注意！as if (as though)引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句即可以使用虛擬語氣，也可以使用陳述語氣。但表態(tài)的意義有所區(qū)別，例如：He walk as if he is drunk.他走起路來好像喝醉了。（陳述語氣，有可能真的喝醉了）He walk as if her were drunk.他走起路來好像喝醉了似的。（虛擬語氣，在說話人看來，他并沒有喝醉）（3）it is (high, about) timeit is (high, about) time后的that從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，表示“已到了該干…的時(shí)候了”，含有“已經(jīng)有些晚了”的意思。其中that可以省略。短語中的high與about用于加強(qiáng)和緩和語氣。It is high time that we were off.是我們該走的時(shí)候了。It’s (about) time you were in bed.你(差不多)該上床睡覺了。（4）but for和but that在帶有but for和but that的句型中，一般要使用虛擬語氣，but for和but that都譯為“要不是…”、“如果沒有…”，其中but for是介詞，后接名詞；but that是連詞，后接從句。注意：but for +名詞與but that +從句都可以看作用于代替非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句，所以本句型的虛擬語氣形式與非真實(shí)條件句中的主句相同（見表1中的主句一欄）?！馼ut forbut for是短語介詞，譯為“要不是…”、“如果沒有…”。相當(dāng)于用介詞代替非真實(shí)條件句中的if條件從句，見167。2.（6）例如：But for the storm we would have been in time. （＝if it had not been for the storm……）要不是暴風(fēng)雨，我們原本會(huì)準(zhǔn)時(shí)（到達(dá)）的。We would have been in real trouble but for your help. （＝if it hadn’t been for you help……）如果沒有你的幫助，我們原本會(huì)陷入嚴(yán)重的困難之中?！馼ut that but that是連詞，譯為“要不是…”、“如果沒有…”。作用相當(dāng)于非真實(shí)條件句中的if條件從句。注意：與非真實(shí)條件句不同，but that條件從句要用陳述語氣，只有主句要用虛擬語氣。例如：But that you helped him, he would have failed. （＝if you hadn’t helped him……）如果沒有你幫助他，他原本會(huì)失敗的。從上面例句可以看出，雖然動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，but that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞help用的是陳述語氣（一般過去時(shí)而非虛擬語氣的過去完成時(shí)）。（5）在lest, for fear that, in case, so that引導(dǎo)的從句中 在lest, for fear that, in case, so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用虛擬語氣，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用：should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形He reminded her twice of it lest she should forget.他提醒了她兩次，怕她忘記。He took his umbrella with him lest it should rain.他帶上了雨傘，擔(dān)心會(huì)下雨。I will not make a noise for fear (that) I should/might disturb you.我不會(huì)作聲，以免打擾你。Take some money with you in case you should need it.帶上點(diǎn)錢，以防急需。（6）事實(shí)陳述句 + or/otherwise/or else +虛擬句 ①與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用should/could/might + v. 原形②與過去事實(shí)相反，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用should/could/might +have doneEg. I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the parade.（7）在公式化的句子中： 在一些公式化的句子中，要用虛擬語氣，這時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞不隨人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)發(fā)生變化，謂語的形式為動(dòng)詞原形或may + 動(dòng)詞原形(常倒裝)。God save the Queen!上帝保佑女王！God bless you！上帝保佑你！Long live peace！和平萬歲Heaven forbid that I should let my own parents suffer.讓自己的父母受苦，天理不容。May you enjoy a ripe old age！愿君長壽！(倒裝)在表示建議、命令、要求、想法以及表示“重要性”、“緊迫性”、“驚奇”等含義的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語氣。下面我們逐個(gè)說明。（1）在It is/was + 形容詞的主語從句中 在某些表示“建議、重要性、緊迫性、驚奇”含意的形容詞在“It is/was + 形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣，其中動(dòng)詞的形式為：（should+）動(dòng)詞原形 (美國英語不用should)，例如：It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.有必要馬上派他到那里去。It is/was important that everyone (should) have a map.每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)地圖很重要。It was arranged that they leave the following week.根據(jù)安排，他們下星期動(dòng)身。適用上述結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有：advisable, anxious, appropriate, arranged, better, pulsory, crucial, decided,