【正文】 t, assessed using familiar Likerttype rating scales. The most mon explicit traits measured by these scales involve whether an occupation should be considered masculine, neutral, or feminine. Nursing, for example, has been consistently rated as a feminine occupation (White et al., 1989). Essentially two explanations for these explicit stereotypes have been made. One is that certain jobs require personality traits more likely to be found in one gender. If, for example, a good nurse should be caring and women are perceived as more caring than men, then it follows that women would make better nurses than men (Spenceamp。 Helmreich, 1978). A second explanation involves which sex is more prevalent in the occupation. Despite increases in the number of men who are nurses, most nurses are women. Because women predominate in nursing, it confirms the observation, the stereotype, that nursing is an occupation best occupied by women (c Glick, Wilk,amp。 Perreault, 1995). Have the explicit occupational stereotypes that Shinar (1975) identified 30 years ago changed since her study? Results have been mixed. Stereotypes attached to some occupations appear to have bee more genderneutral. This is especially true of occupations where the ratio of male to female practitioners has bee more balanced. Other occupations, usually those with skewed sex ratios, remain gendertyped (., Beggsamp。Doolittle, 1993。 Cejka amp。Eagly, 1999。 White et al., 1989). Yet, methods used in these prior studies have all focused on explicit stereotypes that are prone to social desirability and selfpresentational effects. Even those who consciously accept occupationsex stereotypes may hesitate to express them (cf. Yoder amp。Schleicher, 1996). These stereotypes are often socially unacceptable and, at least in the United States, associated with potentially illegal sex discrimination (., Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII). Moreover, because implicit stereotypes may persist long after they are no longer explicitly accepted, occupational gender stereotyping may persist even among those who consciously disavow it. Researchers who use explicit stereotype measures may thus underestimate occupational gender stereotyping. In the present study we considered implicit occupational stereotypes for three occupations (., engineer, accountant, and elementary school teacher). These occupations represent the middle and end points of a masculinefeminine continuum of explicit occupational gender stereotypes identified by White et al. (1989) in their replication and extension of Shinar39。s (1975) original work. In order to allow parisons with implicit stereotypes, measures of explicit stereotypes for these occupations were also made. It was hypothesized that the occupation pair with the most pronounced difference in explicit gender stereotypes would have a larger IAT latency (., a larger effect) and, accordingly, a stronger implicit stereotype than the other pains.Materials and MethodsParticipantsA total of 156 students from two colleges within the university participated voluntarily. Most of the students (66 men, 55 women) were business majors. The rest (12 men, 23 women) studied education. The mean age was ). Students reported their ethnicity as follows: Caucasian American (%), African American (%), Asian American (%), Native American (.6%), Hispanic American (%), and Other (.6%). They indicated their class standing to be: freshman (%), sophomore (25%), junior (%), senior (%), graduate (%), and other (%). Students earned extra credit, research participation points according to plans approved by their respective course instructors.ProcedureAn experimenter greeted participants and explained that the study examined associations between words and occupations. Participants learned that all responses would be made on a desktop puter. After giving their informed consent to participate, participants followed directions shown on the puter screen. The program first assessed implicit stereotypes, followed by explicit stereotypes, and demographic information. The first step in creating the IAT scores involved having the participants discriminate between two occupation targets (., engineerelementary school teacher) and between the concepts associated with them. In one version, Engineer appeared on the left side of the puter screen and Elementary School Teacher appeared on the right. Centered below the two targets was a randomly selected concept that pilot testing had shown was associated with one of the targets. The student39。s task was to press as rapidly as possible either the left (f) key if the concept was associated with the left appearing target or the right (j) key if the concept was associated with the right appearing target. For example, if Blueprint appeared, the correct response would be the left (f) key because it is associated with the target Engineer. Following the student39。s correct response the next of ten trials menced. If the response was in error, the word Error flashed on the screen for 400 ms after which the next trial began.In a similar manner, participants discriminated between the attribute male or female. In oneversion, Male appeared on the left side of the screen and Female appeared on the right with one of ten randomly chosen names centered below. Assuming the first name was Matthew, the correct response would be the left (f) key.