機(jī)動化與城市人居環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展-文庫吧
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【正文】 Imlementable Management and construction countermeasures明確戰(zhàn)略要點(diǎn)的方法與途徑 Four Approaches to Strategic Issue Identification 途徑 Approaches 途徑描述 Descriptions 適用條件 Adaptive Conditions 適用范圍 Adaptive Areas 直接法 規(guī)劃者直接通過使命、責(zé)任和 SWOT分析等闡釋戰(zhàn)略要點(diǎn)。 對于目標(biāo)未形成共識或目標(biāo)過于復(fù)雜；不存在已有的愿景或愿景無法描述；不存在具有強(qiáng)制各方接受統(tǒng)一目標(biāo)的機(jī)構(gòu)或個人；環(huán)境過于多變難以形成統(tǒng)一的目標(biāo)和愿景，局部的、應(yīng)急的行動更為有效。 適用于大部分公共部門 。 一般情況下，需要有一個組織（往往具有聯(lián)合性）承擔(dān)戰(zhàn)略要點(diǎn)的明確與相關(guān)問題的解決（至少是部分承擔(dān)）。 The direct approach Planners go straight from a review of mandates, mission, and SWOT analyses to the identification of strategic issues. (1)There is no agreement on goals, or the goals on which there is agreement are too abstract to be useful. (2)There is no preexisting vision of success, and developing a consensually based vision will be difficult. (3)There is no hierarchical authority that can impose goals on the other stakeholders。 (4)the environment is so turbulent that development of goals or visions seems unwise, and partial action in response to immediate, important issues seems most appropriate. Adaptable for most public anizations. Generally, there must be a coalition that is fully mitted to identifying and resolving at least some of the key strategic issues the anization faces. 途徑 Approaches 途徑描述 Descriptions 適用條件 Adaptive Conditions 適用范圍 Adaptive Areas 間接法 通過組織內(nèi)部共同參與的形式明確戰(zhàn)略要點(diǎn)。 當(dāng)規(guī)劃者與組織內(nèi)的部分主導(dǎo)性成員意識到部分戰(zhàn)略需要重大轉(zhuǎn)變 ， 甚至往往是反向性轉(zhuǎn)變的同時 ， 尚未完全把握現(xiàn)存戰(zhàn)略的問題以及重大轉(zhuǎn)變的必要性 。 與直接法相同 。 The indirect approach The planner team work together to identify strategic issues. When mayor strategic redirection is necessary but members of the planning team and the anization redirection has not yet grasped the need for it or can not sense where such changes might lead. Same as the direct approach. 途徑 Approaches 途徑描述 Descriptions 適用條件 Adaptive Conditions 適用范圍 Adaptive Areas 目標(biāo)法 為組織確立目標(biāo) ，并為實(shí)現(xiàn)該目標(biāo)而明確戰(zhàn)略要點(diǎn) 。 有可能為組織設(shè)立統(tǒng)一的目標(biāo) ， 并且目標(biāo)的明確性與具體性可以指引相關(guān)的戰(zhàn)略要點(diǎn)的明確與戰(zhàn)略的討論 。 較為適用于等級制度較強(qiáng)的組織 ， 且不存在對組織具有強(qiáng)大影響力的外部力量 。 The Goals approach An anization first establishes goals and objectives for itself and then goes on to identify issues that need to be addressed in order to achieve those goals and objectives. A fairly broad and deep agreement on the anization’s goals and objectives must be possible, and the goals and objectives themselves must be specific and detailed
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