【正文】
inner wall posed of peptidoglycan (23 nm thick) position: 23 layers of peptidoglycan . Chemically, only 10 to 20% of the gramnegative cell wall is peptidoglycan. function: The peptidoglycan prevents osmotic lysis. 2. an outer membrane position: The outer membrane is a lipid bilayer about 7 nm thick posed of phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and proteins. outer membrane ( 1)脂多糖( lipopolysaccharides,簡(jiǎn)寫LPS)是 G菌細(xì)胞壁特有的成分,位于革蘭氏陰性菌細(xì)胞壁的最外側(cè) 。 O側(cè)鏈 核心多糖 脂 A A b e O A cM a n R h a G a l 核 心 寡 糖 脂 ASalmonella typhimurium C o lG l c N A C G l cC o lG a l 核 心 寡 糖 脂 AAbeOAc=乙酰化阿必可糖, Man=甘露糖, Rha=鼠李糖,Gal=半乳糖, Col=可必糖, GlcNAC= N乙酰氨基葡萄糖,Glc=葡萄糖 O側(cè)鏈 向外,由若干個(gè)低聚糖重復(fù)單位組成,由于具有抗原性,故又稱 O抗原或菌體抗原。 糖的組成或連接方式的不同 —— 抗原性也就不同 核心多糖 組成核心多糖的糖類在不同菌中 變異不大 ,主要是由己糖、庚糖、辛糖酸以及磷酸和乙醇胺組成。其中 , 庚糖和辛糖酸是特有的糖類 OO H O HO HH CH O HC H 2 O HOO H C O O HO HCH O HC H 2 O HO HL甘油 D甘露庚糖 (簡(jiǎn)稱 Hep) 2酮 3脫氧辛糖酸(簡(jiǎn)稱 KDO) 沙門氏桿菌的核心寡糖組成如下: O 抗 原 鏈G l c G a l G l cG a lH e p H e p K D O K D OK D O脂 AP PPPH e pO C H2C H2N H2O C H2C H2N H2核 心 寡 糖Hep: L甘油 D甘露庚糖; KDO: 2酮 3脫氧辛糖酸 脂 A( lipid A) 基本結(jié)構(gòu): 二個(gè)氨基葡萄糖組成的二糖 , 糖的羥基為脂肪酸和磷酸取代 。 脂 A是以脂化的葡萄糖胺二糖為單位 , 通過 焦磷酸鍵 構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)特糖脂化合物 。 脂肪酸的種類 有 月桂酸 ( C12飽和脂肪酸 ) , 肉豆蔻酸( 14烷酸 ) , 棕櫚酸 ( 16烷酸 ) 和 223。羥基肉豆蔻酸 。根據(jù)脂 A的分子量 ( > 10 000) 推測(cè)脂 A可能是由 3個(gè)上述的基本單位以磷酸二酯鍵連接而成的 。 類脂 A的結(jié)構(gòu)在不同細(xì)菌中有所不同 , 脂 A有毒性 , 是一種 內(nèi)毒素 ( endotoxin) 。 O OOC H2O ROPOO HO 抗 原 鏈 核 心 寡 糖N HC OC H2H C O H( C H2)1 0C H3OO RN HC OC H2H C O H( C H2)1 0C H3H2CR OO POO Hβ 羥 基 肉 豆 蔻 酸R :C O( C H2)1 0C H3月 桂 酸或C O( C H2)1 4C H3或C OC H2H C( C H2)1 0C H3( C H2)1 0C H3O C O棕 櫚 酸功能: LPS from the outer membrane of the gramnegative cell wall is thought to add strength to the outer membrane, in a manner similar to the glycopeptides and teichoic acids of the gram positive cell wall. 2. LPS, unique to the cell wall of gramnegative bacteria, binds to patternrecognition receptors on a variety of defense cells of the body and triggers innate immune defenses such as inflammation(炎癥) , fever, and phagocytosis(噬菌作用) . 3. The LPS also activates the alternative plement pathway and the lectin pathway, defense pathways that play a variety of roles in body defense. 4. the LPS portion of the outer membrane, when released, functions as a harmful endotoxin. The lysis of gramnegative bacteria causes them to release lipopolysaccharide (LPS。 endotoxin) from the outer membrane of their cell wall. The LPS binds to a LPSbinding protein circulating in the blood and this plex, in turn, binds to a receptor molecule (CD14 found on the surface of body defense cells called macrophages. This triggers the macrophages to release various defense regulatory chemicals called cytokines, including IL1, IL6, IL8, TNFalpha, and PAF. The cytokines then bind to cytokine receptors on target cells and initiate inflammation and activate both the plement pathways and the coagulation pathway. Physiologic Action of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the GramNegative Cell Wall ( 2)脂蛋白( lipoproteins) ( 3)磷脂 脂蛋白和磷脂組成了 G細(xì)胞壁外層的內(nèi)側(cè) 。 脂蛋白的脂部分構(gòu)成細(xì)胞壁外層的內(nèi)側(cè),與之共價(jià)結(jié)合的蛋白,則可能以其另一端( C端)與細(xì)胞壁內(nèi)層的肽聚糖分子共價(jià)結(jié)合。 磷脂以 磷脂酸乙醇胺 為主,占細(xì)胞壁總磷脂的81%,其次是 磷脂酸甘油 占 17%,此外還有少量(約 2%)的 心脂 即二磷脂酰甘油。 ? functioning as porins ? functioning as enzymes。 ? serving as adhesins黏附素 (allowing the bacterium to adhere intimately to host cells and other surfaces in order to colonize and resist flushing ? functioning as invasins (allowing some bacteria to perate host cells ) ? aiding certain bacteria in resisting phagocytic destruction. ( 4)蛋白質(zhì) 在 G細(xì)胞壁外層有許多蛋白 PORINS( 孔蛋白) These are proteins, usually trimeric, that form passive diffusion channels through the outer membrane. Allow molecules of ~600700 Da to pass, but not any macromolecules. Exact position determined by environmental conditions, including osmotic pressure and barometric pressure(氣壓) . Adhesin: Th