【正文】 have both A and B antigens while O type blood have neither. An Austrian pathologist identified the first two red cell antigens, A and B, in 1900. In the 1940s, he identified a further class of antigen, the rhesus (Rh) factor, named after the monkeys in which the discovery was made. Rhesus factor is in the red blood cells of most people, but about 15 per cent of people are rhesusnegative. If you are rhesusnegative and receive rhesuspositive blood, you will produce antirhesus antibodies. The first time is not usually crucial, because by then the donated blood is diluted. But if you receive further transfusions of Rhpositive blood, the antirhesus antibodies will attack the positive blood cells, causing agglutination or clumping, which can be fatal. The biggest problem arises during pregnancy. An Rhnegative woman with an Rhpositive partner is likely to conceive an Rhpositive baby. In late pregnancy, small amounts of the baby39。s blood, with its Rhpositive cells, can slip across the placenta and into the mother39。s bloodstream. The mother will start to produce antiRh antibodies, which proliferate after the baby is born. 5 Education Must Be A Priority Australians, whose present fort was built largely by the sheer physical labor of farmers and miners, have not traditionally placed a high value on formal education. Perhaps those early values are still reflected in our governments‘ spending priorities. According to an OECD report, Australia spends less on education (primary, secondary and tertiary) than most other Western countries. Canada, the United States, France and Sweden – the kind of countries we like to pare ourselves to – devote a higher proportion of their gross domestic product to education than we do, even through we have a higher proportion of school age children. Though it might be expected that we would spend more on education because of our younger population, Australia, with 24 per cent more children, spends about 10 per cent less on education than the group‘s average. We also lag well behind most other OECD countries in the proportion of students remaining at school past the mandatory age. World Bank studies of the causes of development have concluded that education is the single most important factor in ensuring a high standard of living for a country and its individuals. That being so, the OECD findings are cause for concern. Admittedly, the report is based on 1986 –87 figures, and since then there has been a very significant improvement in the school retention rate and a slight improvement in education funding. But the relatively low priority still accorded to education on Australia‘s spending list indicates a remarkable shortsightedness. Words: 252 6 Hyperactivity drugs and cocaine use CONTROVERSY has flared up again over the claim that the drugs used to treat hyperactive children prime them to abuse cocaine. The latest studies suggest that drug treatment actually makes children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder less likely to bee cocaine users. Children with ADHD mostly boys constantly fidget and struggle to concentrate. Their symptoms can be eased by certain stimulant drugs, the most mon being Ritalin. But in 1995, brain scans suggested that the distribution of Ritalin in the brain was just like that of cocaine. Since then, researchers have been studying children with ADHD to see if there is a link between drug treatment and later cocaine abuse. Worryingly, a study of more than 5000 children with ADHD done by the University of California at Berkeley suggested that those who took Ritalin were three times more likely to use cocaine in adulthood. But the results have still not been published and other researchers have argued that the group who were treated with drugs may have been different for instance, their ADHD may have been more severe. Researchers at the Massachusetts General Hospital have now investigated the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, hallucinogens and cocaine in what they claim is a better defined group of boys with ADHD. All the boys were at least 15 years old, and those who took drugs for the disorder had done so for an average of four years. Drug treatment seemed to reduce the risk of illegal drug abuse by 85 per cent pared with the untreated group. (word:255) 7 Market Dominance Market dominance confers power（ on big panies ） over suppliers and employees and opens more opportunities for cost shifting. When a market is dominated by one or a few huge panies, suppliers risk being put out of business if they don39。t buckle to the demands of their big customers. With the connivance of an ideologically mitted government, employees have watched their working conditions, job security, benefits and entitlements disappear in front of their eyes. If employees continue to ask for what we, as a society, used to be able to afford to offer them, then big corporations may simply（ just） shift their operations overseas where labour is dirtcheap and labour and environmental protections are virtually nonexistent. Thus low prices to customers are not proof that a business is operating efficiently. These days low prices are as likely to be a sign of exploitation of employees, suppliers, customers, the broader munity and the environment. When producers do not pay the full costs of production, the market mechanism fails at a fundamental level, and this form of failure is now pervasive. This way of doing business is not sustainable. Acting in concert with this shortsighted business approach has been an overt policy of withdrawal of government service