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【正文】 capable of copying heterospecific song, especially if it’s the only audible song. (Marler 1988) ? Birds raised in acoustic isolation will sing simple songs that contain some speciesspecific structure. (Konishi 1985) ? Much variability of learning mechanisms among species. Species seem to vary in their dependence on innate and learning processes during song acquisition. ? Species specificsong and mimicry ?Variability in Learning Mechanisms openended vs. closedended learners onset of crystallization varies Birdsong Acquisition: Nature vs. Nurture ? Birdsong was played to male song sparrows collected as nestlings in Durham, North Carolina in a study designed to discover how exposure to withinsong variation influences the song learning process. (Nowicki, 1998) ? Young males that were tutored with invariant song models and males tutored with variable songs did not differ in any measure of how well they learned and in the expression of withinsong variation in their own adult songs, demonstrating that withinsong variation is not a learned feature. ? Birds that were tutored with both invariant and variable models preferentially copied variant song type. ? This finding of intrinsic preference for variant songs supports the fa
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