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2025-04-17 03:00 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 meet these requirements. The use of wireless sensor works within the hospital has been extensively examined. Moreover, other wireless technologies within the same frequency band, such as IEEE [8], have existed within the hospital for some time [9]. III. REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS Wireless Technologies Established standards for wireless applications, such as Bluetooth [10] and IEEE , allow high transmission rates, but at the expense of power consumption, application plexity, and cost. Zigbee offers low cost, low power devices that can municate with each other and the outside world. ZigBee39。s selfforming and selfhealing meshwork architecture lets data and control messages pass from one node to another by multiple paths. This is particularly useful in a hospital environment where interference from walls, people and general obstacles is a major issue. Zigbee is based upon the IEEE standard [11] for radio hardware and software specification. Mobility Zigbee enabled devices support a sleep mode. An offline node can connect to a work in about 30 ms .Waking up a sleeping node takes about 15 ms, as does accessing a channel andtransmitting data. If the requirement is to collect data once a minute the device can be placed in a power saving mode saving significant amounts of energy and increasing the battery life. In sleep mode a Zigbee chip can assume as little as [12]. This is particularly important in a medical setting where patients are often on the move while still attached to medical devices. Coexistence Both Zigbee and operate in the licensefree industrial scientific medical (ISM) frequency is already in widespread use within hospitals which would encourage the adoption of Zigbee solutions in the same environment. However care has to be taken to avoid interference between these 2 neighbouring technologies as described in the paper entitled “Coexistance of with other systems in the ” [13]. By selecting an appropriate channel, after performing a simple site survey, these problems can be easily avoided. Device Parameters Typical readings available on a ventilator are Inspiratory Tidal Volume, Expiratory Tidal Volume, O2 concentration, Respiratory Rate, Peak Pressure, Expired Minute Volume and Mean Airway Pressure. The settings on the ventilator are also of interest to medical staff. The most typical settings we’ve chosen are Inspiratory Tidal Volume, Minute Volume, O2 Concentration, I:E Ratio, Breath Duration and Inspiratory Flow. Similarly we have chosen some mon parameters for Vital Signs Monitors. These are Respiratory Rate, Non Invasive Blood Pressure, SPO2 and Temperature. The third device we selected parameters for is the Unfusion Pump. The mon parameters we are most interested in here are Volume, Time, Ramp and Occlusion Pressure. Further parameters can be easily added to the system in the future. Bandwidth For development purposes we analysis a Maquet ServoI [14] which supports all the ventilator parameters described above. This ventilator works in a mand response manner. When initial configuration has taken place 2 mands which are 7 bytes long each will produce 2 responses of 67 bytes each. Therefore even in a multi hop mesh work it is anticipated we would be able to support several of these devices plus other types of devices on the same channel. Scalability The ventilator, having the most parameters of the devices studied, requires the most bandwidth. Experiments carried out on a CSI Vital Signs Monitor [15] show that 44 bytes of data will produce all the information we are interested in. A Braun Infusion Pump [16] exports 24 bytes of data to produce the 4 parameters we need. For any of the medical devices we are concerned with, the readings are typically only required once a minute in a hospital environment. All these devices have their own alarm mechanisms built in。 we are purely providing a means of exporting the data automatically. Theoretically a single Zigbee work could have above and beyond 600 Ventilators as each device only requires less than 1KB of bandwidth per minute. The frequency at which we capture the data is decided upon by the clinical staff themselves. A 1 minute
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