【正文】 al problems at high speeds, pared with contemporary systems ? Typically costs $10 million or more ? Traditionally found in government labs Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Commercial Superputing ? Started in capitalintensive industries ?Petroleum exploration ?Automobile manufacturing ? Other panies followed suit ?Pharmaceutical design ?Consumer products Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 50 Years of Speed Increases ENIAC 350 flops Today 1 trillion flops Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CPUs 1 Million Times Faster ? Faster clock speeds ? Greater system concurrency ?Multiple functional units ?Concurrent instruction execution ?Speculative instruction execution Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Systems 1 Billion Times Faster ? Processors are 1 million times faster ? Combine thousands of processors ? Parallel puter ?Multiple processors ?Supports parallel programming ? Parallel puting = Using a parallel puter to execute a program faster Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microprocessor Revolution Micros Minis Mainframes Speed (log scale) Time Superputers Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Modern Parallel Computers ? Caltech’s Cosmic Cube (Seitz and Fox) ? Commercial copycats ?nCUBE Corporation ?Intel’s Superputer Systems Division ?Lots more ? Thinking Machines Corporation Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copycat Strategy ? Microprocessor ?1% speed of superputer ?% cost of superputer ? Parallel puter = 1000 microprocessors ?10 x speed of superputer ?Same cost as superputer Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Why Didn’t Everybody Buy One? ? Superputer ? ? CPUs ?Computation rate ? throughput ?Inadequate I/O ? Software ?Inadequate operating systems ?Inadequate programming environments Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. After the “Shake Out” ? IBM ? HewlettPackard ? Silicon Graphics ? Sun Microsystems Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Commercial Parallel Systems ? Relatively costly per processor ? Primitive programming environments ? Focus on mercial sales ? Scientists looked for