【正文】 范圍的選擇 。如果所有的 產品 是好的，都不遜色，賣家如何 讓消費者產生對自己產品的 偏好？他是如何區(qū)分的？ 包裝 在這一過程中起著很大的作用。 包密集型發(fā)達國家有時也批評了包裝，當然不存在過度包裝。然而，北美也享有世界上最便宜的食品，要求我們的可支配收入僅約 11 至 14％。歐洲食品成本是可支配收入的約 20％，而在欠發(fā)達國家的食品可以支配 家庭收入的 95％。 4. 國內外包裝機械現(xiàn)狀及 發(fā)展趨勢 在世界范圍內，包裝機械工業(yè)的發(fā)展歷史比較短些，科學技術發(fā)達的歐美各國大體上是在 20 世紀起步的，及至 50 年代步伐才開始大為加快。 4 從 20 世紀初到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)大戰(zhàn)結束前，在醫(yī)藥、食品、卷煙、火柴、日用化工等工業(yè)部門實現(xiàn)了包裝作業(yè)的機械化； 50 年代，包裝機的廣泛采用以普通電開關和電子管為主要元件的控制系統(tǒng)，實現(xiàn)了初級自動化； 60 年代，包裝機中采用機電光液氣綜合技術明顯增多，機種進一步擴大，在此基礎上實現(xiàn)了專用的自動包裝線；70 年代，將微電子技術引入自動化包裝機和包裝線，實現(xiàn)了有電子計算機控制的包裝生產 過程；從 80 年代到 90 年代初開始，在某些包裝領域里將微機、機器人更多地應用到供送、檢測、管理等方面，準備向柔性自動包裝線和“無人化”自動包裝車間過度。 由于社會上各方面的積極推動和有力配合，逐步建立起包裝材料、包裝印刷、包裝機械等生產部門和與之相適應的科研、設計、教育、學術、管理等組織機構，進而形成了獨立完整的包裝輕工業(yè)體系，且在整個國民經濟中占據(jù)著重要地位。根據(jù)近幾年的資料得知，世界包裝聯(lián)盟成員國包裝工業(yè)的總產值大約占國民經濟總產值的 2%左右；其中包裝機械所占的比重雖然不算大，但發(fā)展迅猛，平均每年幾乎以10%左右的速率增長。現(xiàn)在投產使用的包裝機已超過了千余種，同時包裝聯(lián)合機及自動化的配套設備已于單機等量齊觀了。根據(jù)世界新技術革命的發(fā)展趨勢，預料包裝材料以及與此緊密相關的包裝工藝和包裝機械將會取得新一步的突破，并且?guī)痈喈a業(yè)部門進入包裝行業(yè)。 中國包裝技術協(xié)會于 1980 年成立。不久，中國包裝總公司也相繼誕生。此后，在國內陸續(xù)地舉辦了全國性和國際性的包裝機械展覽會、學術研討會，還出版了我過有史以來第一部《中國包裝年鑒》及其他包裝技術書刊。這一切都標志著中國正在開創(chuàng)一個嶄新的包裝歷史時期。 5 附件 2：外文原文 （復印件） 陳滿儒主編 《包裝工程英語》陜西：陜西科技大學 . 1999 Modern Packaging 1. Changing Needs and New Roles Looking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are brought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention. The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a 1980s bumper sticker, “Born to Shop”. We consume goods today at a rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935. Most of these goods are not essential to survival。 they constitute what we may call “the good life”. In the second half of the 20th century, the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the major purchase motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 peting products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself. Marketer aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, 6 and advantages beyond the basic product itself anything that would make a shopper’s hand reach for their product rather than the petitor’s. In some in instances, the package has bee the product, and occasionally packaging has bee entertainment. A brand product to carry the product manufacturer or product sales of the retailer39。s label, usually by the buyer as a quality assessment guidance. In some cases, peting brands of product quality is almost no difference, a difference is the sale of its packaging. An interesting visually attractive packaging can give a key marketing advantage and convince impulse spending. However, the packaging should accurately reflect the quality of products / brand value in order to avoid the disappointment of consumers, encourage repeat purchases and build brand loyalty. Ideally, the product should exceed customer expectations. 2. Packaging and the Modern Industrial Society The importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the foodpackaging secto