【正文】 ,無法參加正式的社交活動(dòng),這種地理隔離對(duì)新生代農(nóng)民工有心理和現(xiàn)實(shí)的雙重影響,加劇了其心理上作為“外來人”的感覺,現(xiàn)實(shí)中則限制其獲得當(dāng)?shù)刂R(shí)和聯(lián)系的機(jī)會(huì),阻礙其在當(dāng)?shù)卦@得認(rèn)同。現(xiàn)行的戶籍制度,嚴(yán)重阻礙了新生代農(nóng)民工享有平等社會(huì)待遇,雖然有些城市正在改革地方戶籍制度,允許更多的農(nóng)民工落戶城市,但是往往落戶門檻太高,一般新生代農(nóng)民工無法憑借自身力量逾越[2]。調(diào)查顯示,有31%的新生代農(nóng)民工居住在集體宿舍,18%居住在缺乏廚衛(wèi)設(shè)施的出租屋里,15%居住在工作地點(diǎn),10%居住在臨時(shí)搭建的工棚里,15%在城里沒有住所,只能往返于城郊之間回農(nóng)家居住,只有11%居住在廚衛(wèi)齊全的房屋里。,缺乏專業(yè)職介體系新生代農(nóng)民工在就業(yè)途徑的選擇中,熟人介紹、老鄉(xiāng)介紹、親屬介紹3種途徑所占比例較高,這是一種比較原始的就業(yè)方式,建立在相互信任和幫助的基礎(chǔ)上,私人關(guān)系占據(jù)主流地位。但是,目前政府針對(duì)新生代農(nóng)民工專門設(shè)置的職業(yè)介紹體系相對(duì)缺乏,缺少關(guān)注與引導(dǎo),信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)不健全,用工信息發(fā)布不及時(shí),缺乏調(diào)控。而民辦職業(yè)介紹服務(wù)中心則又收費(fèi)過高,信息不可靠。例如,在蘇州的新生代農(nóng)民工一般工作時(shí)間都較長,每天工作9~10 %,11~12 %。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),月均收入在1 %,月均收入在1 000~2 %。此外,由于新生代農(nóng)民工缺乏最基本的勞動(dòng)安全保護(hù),有些企業(yè)只顧眼前利益,為了降低生產(chǎn)成本,不給其必要的勞動(dòng)保護(hù)用品,也不對(duì)其進(jìn)行必要的安全培訓(xùn),導(dǎo)致其職業(yè)發(fā)病率和工傷事故發(fā)生率居高不下。但在一些地區(qū)當(dāng)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展條件和水平得到改善后,許多新生代農(nóng)民工開始回到家鄉(xiāng),從事在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整以后可以獲得相對(duì)較高收入的農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng),如反季節(jié)養(yǎng)殖[4],因其需要掌握一定的科學(xué)技術(shù),可以獲得較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益,因此吸引了部分新生代農(nóng)民工。2改善新生代農(nóng)民工就業(yè)的機(jī)制探索戶籍制度是制約中國農(nóng)民工就業(yè)問題的首要因素,因此,要改善新生代農(nóng)民工的社會(huì)地位,必須進(jìn)行戶籍改革。然而,在戶籍制度背后存在著大量由城鄉(xiāng)身份決定的經(jīng)濟(jì)租金是制度改革在相當(dāng)長時(shí)期內(nèi)存在的歷史問題。2010年中央一號(hào)文件強(qiáng)調(diào)要采取有效措施推進(jìn)城鎮(zhèn)化,讓符合條件的農(nóng)民工進(jìn)城。新生代農(nóng)民工融入城市首先要解決就業(yè)問題,其次要解決住房、子女教育問題,這些均有賴于政府提供均等化的公共服務(wù)。為新生代農(nóng)民工提供經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房及廉租房是很多地方政府正在探索實(shí)施的政策,這一政策的實(shí)施有利于家庭的團(tuán)聚,有利于維持家庭的穩(wěn)定,并為新生代農(nóng)民工的生活及其子女教育等提供了基本的保證,有利于其融入城市。,提高新生代農(nóng)民工的就業(yè)能力新生代農(nóng)民工普遍存在職業(yè)要求較高、職業(yè)期望值較大的現(xiàn)象,調(diào)查顯示,有17%的新生代農(nóng)民工有技術(shù),75%的農(nóng)民工有要求進(jìn)行技能培訓(xùn)的欲望,僅有8%的農(nóng)民工沒有考慮過。其次,應(yīng)根據(jù)國家職業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和不同行業(yè)對(duì)從業(yè)人員基本技能和技術(shù)操作規(guī)程的要求安排培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容[6]。最后,應(yīng)以實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定就業(yè)為技能培訓(xùn)的目標(biāo),將培訓(xùn)與就業(yè)緊密結(jié)合,實(shí)行免費(fèi)的技能培訓(xùn)鑒定和就業(yè)推薦。為了該計(jì)劃的實(shí)施,河南省將安排培訓(xùn)補(bǔ)助資金5 000萬元。建立高效、快捷、及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò),及時(shí)準(zhǔn)確反映民工供需情況,實(shí)現(xiàn)省、市、縣勞動(dòng)力資源的信息互聯(lián)互通,通過勞務(wù)中介機(jī)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)求職者和用工單位緊密聯(lián)系,推動(dòng)新生代農(nóng)民工有序流動(dòng),減少其求職成本。新生代民工權(quán)益得不到保障的一個(gè)重要原因就是其作為個(gè)體太分散,缺乏與用人單位進(jìn)行有效溝通與談判的能力,缺少來自組織的力量。因此,建議政府在農(nóng)民工集中的區(qū)域建立聯(lián)合工會(huì)。因此,政府應(yīng)組織新生代農(nóng)民工加入工會(huì),協(xié)助其通過集體力量和用人單位進(jìn)行談判,改變自身在維權(quán)中的弱勢(shì)地位。如給農(nóng)民減免稅費(fèi),發(fā)展農(nóng)村信貸業(yè)務(wù),積極發(fā)展村鎮(zhèn)銀行、互助基金等新型農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)。設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)收入較高,對(duì)新生代農(nóng)民工來說具有一定的吸引力,為其就業(yè)提供了可能。如河南省湯陰縣重點(diǎn)發(fā)展禽肉加工、糧食加工和食品添加劑制造,解決當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)村近萬人就業(yè),鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)民工大都返鄉(xiāng)進(jìn)場(chǎng)就業(yè),極大地提高當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民的收入水平與就業(yè)環(huán)境,在一定程度上促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。migrant workers。Secondly, the new generation of farmers Workers have a strong desire to participate in local Political activities, but can not be met, the government often disregard this holding, and even some policy also deepened the current household registration system, a serious impediment to the generation of migrant workers enjoy equal social treatment, although some cities are the reform of local household registration system to allow more migrant workers settled in the city, but often settled threshold is too high, the general generation of migrant workers with their own forces can not go beyond [2]. life without security, welfare difference Most people think of migrant workers on local Economic Development has made great contributions, but the distribution of benefits of local economic development is asymmetrical, due to the land system and the household registration system without the constraints of local land shares or social status of migrant workers into distribution pattern of local society in the interests of obstacles, the most basic living conditions can not be shows that 31% of the new generation of migrant workers living in dormitories, 18% living in rented house the lack of kitchen facilities, 15% live in the workplace, 10% lived in makeshift shed, 15% in the city, no shelter, only to and from the suburbs back to the farm between the living, only 11% lived in houses full in life or welfare of poor circumstances, the accumulation of malignant migrant workers dissatisfied easily, even through extreme methods to vent, so that can sometimes bring the local crime and other social issues, so that local residents have their psychological rejection, resulting in the kinds of contradictions in the longterm vicious by limited employment opportunities, lack of professional staffing system Generation of migrant workers in the choice of employment opportunities, the acquaintance introduced, villagers described, relatives described a high proportion of 3 ways, this is a primitive means of employment, based on mutual trust and assistance, based on personal relationships schools is the employment generation of migrant workers in recent years, one of the main, the advantage is the relatively high employment levels, with the generation of migrant workers have higher skills learned , the present, the government specifically set up the new generation of migrant workers relative lack of employment system, the lack of attention and guidance, Information network is not perfect, employment information release is not timely, the lack of new generation of migrant workers concentrated reflection of the problem is Public Service staff working attitude poor efficiency is low。s household registration system that hinders the employment of migrant workers the most important factor, therefore, the new generation of migrant workers to improve the social status of household registration reform must be carried reform of key account management is to eliminate the socioeconomic differences, establishment of a unified household registration system so that the new generation of migrant workers and residents in employment and other development opportunities really enjoy equal , there are a lot behind the household registration system as determined by the urban and rural reforms in the economic rent is a very long time in the history of memory present, the government has not issued the relevant policy to cancel the agricultural and noncitizens into two major categories of agricultural accounts, which requires only parts from the local actual conditions, instead of using geographical position as the main criterion by the nature of the residents, so that students on behalf of migrant workers in cities should enjoy the right to be accepted in the central city first document stresses the need to take effective measures to promote urbanization to meet the conditions of migrant workers in Guangdong Provincial Committee, the provincial government will Zhongshan City, the province39。s expectations are very high, most people39。s and PhD degree % of the total of the three, which hope their children will have a doctoral degree graduate students up to % [5].for the new generation of migrant workers to provide affordable housing and low cost hou